笨鸟先飞。——元。关汉卿《陈母教子》
多识由博学。——宋。欧阳修《和圣俞》
五更起床,百事兴旺。——英国谚语
锲而舍之,朽木不折;锲而不舍,金石可镂。——《荀子。劝学》
德隳于惰,名立于劳。——宋。司马光《逸箴》
凿不休则沟深,斧不止则薪多。——汉。王充《论衡。命录》
书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟。——《古今对联集锦。治学联》
业精于勤,荒于嬉;行成于思毁于随。——唐。韩愈《进学解》
勤快的人汗水多;贪吃的人口水多。——蒙古谚语
斧子也能磨得像剃刀。——日本谚语
努力勤奋可以带来好运。——[美]富勒《至理名言》
只要功夫深,铁杵磨成针。——清。俞樾《茶香室丛书》
功到自然成。——明。吴承恩《西游记》
逆水行舟用力撑,一篙松劲退千寻。——董必武《题赠〈中学生〉》
人之为学,不日进则日退。——清。顾炎武《顾亭林诗文集。与人书一》
才自内发,学以外成。——南朝梁。刘勰《文心雕龙。事类》
韦编屡绝铁砚穿,口育手钞那计年。——宋.陆游《剑南诗稿。寒夜读书》
洞穴贯穿,弥见精勤。——《叶圣陶序跋集。〈中日战争〉序》
功崇惟志,业广惟勤。——《尚书。周书。周官》
没有时间,挤;学不进去,钻。——谢觉哉《学语集锦》
把惰性当仇敌。——恽代英《致宗白华》
要摘取果子的人必须爬上树。——[美]富勒《至理名言》
穷苦和学问是好友;富贵和学问是仇敌。——陶行知《学问之要素》
很少有什么东西是不能通过勤奋和技艺而获得的。——[英]约翰逊《拉塞勒斯》
凡是普通人能够做的事情,我们都可做,我的最大的好处是勤劳。——[英]莎士比亚《李尔王》
学如逆水行舟,不进则退;心似平原走马,易放难收。——《古今对联集锦。治学联》
那里有天才,我是把别人喝咖啡的工夫都用在工作上的。——《〈鲁迅全集〉编校后记》
笔成冢,墨成池,不及羲之即献之;笔秃千管,墨磨万锭,不作张芝作索靖。——宋。苏轼《东坡题跋。题二王书》
吾尝终日不食,终夜不被,以思,无益,不如学也。——《论语卫灵公》
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
京剧言派创始人言菊朋,是蒙古族人,祖辈几代都是清王朝的武官。他在陆军贵胄学堂念书时就对京剧艺术特别有兴趣。毕业后,他在蒙藏学院某得了个小差事,收入很低,维持六口之家生活过得紧巴巴。可他千方百计要省出钱来去听戏。他特别爱看著名老生谭鑫培演的戏,不管是下瓢泼大雨还是大雪纷飞,他总是 脚踏钉鞋,手持雨伞,上戏院买张最便宜的票,潜心观摩谭鑫培的表演。十余年如一日,从不间断,他的足迹踏遍了北京城内各大戏院。
他不但刻苦、细心学习谭鑫培的表演艺术,而且还在学习别人的基础上不断创新,终于形成了自己的独特风格,在京剧界独树一帜,成为言派创始人。
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