When holiday comes, thousands of people pour into the tourist sites, they want to relax themselves and enjoy the beautiful scenery. But Chinese people have a bad habit, they like to leave some notes on the site, proving them have been here before. Such a behavior has been criticized by the public, because the leaving note will damage the preservation of the tourist site. Most of the tourist sites are part of our country\'s historical relics, these sites are priceless, it is everyone\'s duty to protect the sites. When we go to travel, we should behave ourselves. First, we need to have the idea that no rubbish being leaved behind when we leave the site. We should take away what we bring, keep the environment clean. Second, no any notes being written in the sites. Though in the old days, Chinese workers like to leave their names on the sites, but now it is a new world, we need to behave ourselves.
Dear Headmaster,
I\'m writing to tell you about the discussion we\'ve had on whether the school should organize a spring outing for the students.
Opinions on the question are pided as follows:70% of the students think that the school should organize the spring outing. They believe that the spring outing can make them enjoy the nature\'s beautiful scenery, which can broaden our vision and fill us with more knowledge. They also say that the air in the open fields is fresher. What\'s more, fresh air does a lot of good to our health.
On the other hand,30% don\'t like the idea of going out for a spring outing. In their opinions, time is very precious, so they have to grasp every minute to work hard at their lessons. Traveling costs a lot. In that case, it will add to their families\' burden. Above all, no one can be sure of the safety of every student.
Yours truly
Li Hua
尊敬的校长,
我写信告诉你关于学校是否应该组织一次春季郊游的讨论。
对问题的看法有如下:70%的学生认为学校应该组织“春季郊游”。他们认为,春季郊游可以使他们享受大自然的美丽的风景,它可以扩大我们的视野,使我们更多的知识。他们还说,在空旷的.田野的空气很清新。更新鲜的空气对我们的健康有很大的健康。
另一方面,30%不喜欢外出郊游的想法。在他们的观点中,时间是非常宝贵的,所以他们要抓紧每一分的努力,在他们的课程中努力学习。旅游成本很多。在这种情况下,它会增加他们家庭的负担。首先,没有人能确保每个学生的安全。
你真正的
李华
一个夏天的傍晚,小明、小红和小华一起来到池塘边,欣赏美丽的夕阳。
荷叶上的青蛙在不停地叫着,仿佛在说:夕阳真美啊!粉红的荷花像小姑娘的脸蛋,又柔软又光滑。这时,小明走到池塘边摘下一个莲蓬,轻轻地把它剥开。大家你一个我一个的吃了起来。小明说:这莲子真好吃,真甜啊!
天色渐渐暗了下来,小明、小红和小华依依不舍地回家了。他们一边走一边说:我们下次还可以邀请更多的好朋友来欣赏美景,吃香甜可口的莲子。
在一个阳光明媚的日子里,小军,小明和小红去池塘边欣赏美景。
三个小朋友坐在池塘边,小红看见那边游来一群鸭子,就对小军说:你看,那边游过来一群鸭子。池塘里的青蛙呱呱地叫个不停,好像在说:今天的天气真好呀!粉嘟嘟的荷花开的真茂盛呀!莲蓬上的莲子像一粒粒的小种子。大大的荷叶像一把大蒲扇。
小明弯下腰,摘了一个莲蓬,掰开,然后把莲子取出来,大家一起分着吃。小红拿了一个塞进嘴里,说:莲子真甜呀!我真想摘一些给家人吃呀!小明说:天色已晚,我们还是回家吧!于是他们依依不舍的告别了池塘。
2.1. 物质过程(Material Process)
通俗来说,物质过程即为“做”的\'过程,是外部经验的再现,也是某事被完成的过程。物质过程一般由行为动词,动作者(Actor)和目标(Goal)组成。动作者是行为的发出者,如句子 “She cooks for the children on the stove”中的“she”。而目标含指向性,表示某行为或动作的承受者,如“onetuner and handle 1,000 pianos a year”中的“1000 pianos”。值得注意的是,物质过程并非纯指具体的物理动作,它也可是抽象的,如句子 “ he learned fast”.
2.2 心理过程(Mental Process)
心理过程表达的是人所感,所想,所思等心理活动的过程,一般有两个参与者,一个是心理活动的感觉主体即“感觉者”(senser),另一个是被感知的客体即“现象”(phenomenon)。与物质过程不同的是,心理过程的参与者之一是可感觉,反应和认知的人,如“Tom dislikes her ‘special’ pumpkin pie intensely”中的“Tom”。通过修辞手法被赋予意识和感知功能的物也可作为 “感觉者”,如“it”在句子“it (money) pleasured grandpa to put a few golden Indian heads onhis vest”中的作用。
2.3 关系过程(Relational Process)
关系过程表达的是“是”的关系,即具有某种联系的物,人,情形或事件之间的关系,或指某一物的属性,特点或所处状态等,大致可分为两种模式:修饰型(attributive)和认同型(identifying)。修饰型包含两个参与者,载体(carrier)即含有某种属性的实体,属性(attribute),即对载体的限定功能语法,在例句“one of the wise Men was educational in the highestsense...”中,“one of the wise Men”是载体,“educational”是属性。认同型则包含被认同者(identified)和认同者(identifier),如“The shcoolhouse is a two-room frame buiding”,“the schoolhouse”是被认同者,“a two-room frame building”是认同者。
2.4 行为过程(Behavioral Process)
行为过程指的是各种生理或心理行为,如呼吸,咳嗽,微笑,哭泣,做梦等。行为过程只有一个参与者,通常为人的行为者(behaver),例如“in thecountry he sleeps better at night”,“the pupilssit still at their desks in class”。某些情况下,行为过程与物质和心理过程的界限并不明显,因为行为者作为意识体与感觉者非常相似,而行为者发出的动作类似于物质过程中的“做”。
2.5 言语过程(Verbal Process)
言语过程是通过语言交换信息的过程,广义上来说就是“说”的过程,通常用到的动词有say,tell,talk,praise,describe等,如“he may proclaim his ownvirtue or skill”。言语过程的主要参与者有说话者(sayer),听话者(receiver),以及言语内容(verbiage)。 说话者可以是任何能表达某种信息的物体,并不一定要求具有意识性,如 “the book tells of one soldier who survived”。
2.6 存在过程(Existential Process)
存在过程表达的是某物或人存在的情况,通常只有一个参与者,即存在物(existent)。典型的存在过程如“thereis no supervised play”,或含表存在的动词,exist,remain,come about,happen等等。
In recent years, tourism has been popular and played an important role in our nation’s economic growth. However, I am afraid that if tourism develops over, it will bring harm to the environment and give rise to many problems.
There are a few reasons accounting for my views and I would like to list three of them. One of the examples is that a large number of woods and other plants were replaced by all kinds of accommodation facilities or scenic spots. That definitely breaks the ecological balance of these areas and destroys the natural beauty of the scenic spots. Worse still, more pressure has been placed environment protection in that many tourists left their garbage in the scenic spots. In addition, over-developed tourism will occupy large numbers of farmland and lead to the shortage of the land.
In a word, tourism will be harmful to our environment if it is over development. Thus, I do not advocate that we development tourism without considering the environment. And we should keep the balance between tourism development and environment protection so that we can achieve the sustainable development between our nation’s economy and the environment.
[1]Halliday,M. A. K.Language as Social Semiotic[M]. London: Arnold,1978.
[2]胡壮麟,姜望其.语言学教程[M]. 北京大学出版社,2001.
[3]Halliday,M. A. K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社;Edward Arnold( Publishers) Limited,2000.(2011)08-0000-00
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