三年级年级的那一次数学竞赛,至今让我记忆犹新。
这是我第一次参加数学竞赛,我的内心充满着兴奋与期待。于是我每天缠着妈妈,要她出一些数学题考考我。可妈妈考我的那些题目总比课本上的要难得多,但特别有趣。就这样天天练,天天算,我总是乐此不疲。
到了比赛那天,我满怀信心地来到考场。随着清脆的铃声,数学竞赛开始了。试卷发下来了,我先扫视了一下考题,发现这些题目我好像似曾相识,我紧张的心里不由得舒一口气,暗暗高兴起来。于是拿起笔,“刷刷刷”地写起来。此刻,我仿佛觉得自己就是战场上的战士,冲向敌人,打败了一个又一个敌人,那种快感简直不言而喻。我一鼓作气,大约四十分钟就把竞赛题做了一大半。
咦!真没想到,最后一题竟是这样难,我咬住笔头,苦苦地思索着,像热锅上的蚂蚁,东看看,西瞧瞧,却怎么也做不出来。头上直冒汗,心像一只受惊的小兔子,不停地乱跳。忽然我心中想起了一个声音,那是妈妈的声音:“你要记住,越是紧张时刻,越不能乱,要冷静地去面对。困难就像弹簧,你强它就弱,你弱它就强。”我平静心态,强迫自己冷静下来,仔细地思考,认真地验算。我埋头算着,
经过不懈的努力,终于突破了这道难题,心里充满了无限地喜悦。
过了几天,数学老师开始公布成绩了。我紧张地全身发抖,当我得知自己是全年级第一时,我顿时欣喜若狂,说不出话来,因为它是我努力的见证。
是啊!有一首歌唱得好:“把握生命里的每一分钟,全力以赴我们心中的梦,不经历风雨怎么见彩虹,没有人能随随便便成功……”
1852年秋天,屠格涅夫偶尔捡到一本杂志,随手翻了几页,竟被一篇题为《童话》的小说给吸引了,小说作者是无名小辈。屠格涅夫多方寻找作者的下落,并称赞其是:“很有天赋的作家,将来必成大器。”那位作者知道后兴奋不已,原只是因为生活郁闷信手涂鸦的作品竟受到大家的称赞,于是他一发不可收拾,写出许多巨作。
他就是列夫·托尔斯泰。
欣赏与被欣赏都是力量源泉,欣赏何不是一种善良?
一、探索阅读积累的有效途径
1.注重课堂中的“诵读”,读中积累字词。诵读是积累的起点。诵读的关键有两点:一是记忆,二是出声。记忆,要达到的目的是积累知识,夯实基础,为培养能力、开发智力作好铺垫;出声,要达到的目的是强化记忆,培养语感,为学生表达能力的提高做好准备。重视读,是传统语文教育的宝贵经验。叶圣陶先生曾说:“语文课以读书为目的,教师若引导学生善于读,则功莫大焉。”从这里可以揭示出语文学习的内在规律:学习语言,就得多读。读,包含着对语言文字“感知理解——吸收积累——转换创造”的潜移默化的过程。读,是学习语文的窗口,可以收到“不待解说,自知其义”的效果;可以发现问题,解决问题;可以充分发挥学生的学习主动性。新课标强调,积累就要改变原有的单纯接受式的学习方式,形成旨在充分调动、发挥学生主体性的学习方式。根据第一学段的学习目标和学生年龄、身心、思维的特点,如何在读中积累字词呢?其一,对于课文中出现的生字,不强制学生在本堂课上必须认识掌握,而是基本认识后回到文中,让学生采用各种形式读文。通过这一过程,学生不仅识记了生字,还明白了怎样将其灵活运用。其二,可以让学生对一些连词组句的文章进行饱含情感的读。这样学生可以很轻松地在读一读中读准字音,感受到汉字的音律美、节奏美。学生在朗读的时候能深入领会词语的含义和文章的情感。所以,朗读以理解词语为基础,通过朗读又可促进对词语的感情品味,从而达到有效积累的目的。其三,积累并不是知识的简单累加,而是知识的建构。了解新知识与原有经验之间的联系是积累的前提。
2.落实文本目标,高效完成积累。课堂是学生最好的学习阵地。教师只要能利用课堂扎扎实实落实好文本目标,就能高效完成积累。低年级的教学以字词为主,因此每节课对生字的学习,尤其是对这些字进行大量扩词本身就是一次很好的积累过程。同时,在每篇课文学习结束后,可要求学生把自己认为好的词句抄写在积累本上,一课一抄或几课一抄。当然由教师引导着抄写,效果会更好。
另外,教师还要重视每个学习园地中的近义词、反义词、名言警句、成语、对联、古诗词等。一学期下来,学生从教材中必定能积累到大量的词语和句子,他们的认知能力、知识量也必定会提高。
3.立足文本,整合单元内容,进一步加强词语积累。课标本人教试验版教材有一个很大的优势,就是围绕专题以整合的方式安排教学内容。每组教学内容之间互相照应,有的前面有布置,中间有铺垫,后面有展示、交流,使之真正成为互相联系的有机整体。我们在引导学生积累字词时,可以利用教材这一优势,进行一类词语的整合。这样就可以把一些在学生脑海中支离破碎的、零零散散的词语进行归类、整理,使学生积累的词语更有层次,更加丰富。
4.让词语积累服务于运用。
不会运用的积累不是真正的积累。只有把积累付诸于实践,才能让积累“活”起来。在课堂上,我们要不失时机地让学生在读一读、写一写字词的基础上,从中挑选三五个词语,让学生根据自己的生活实践发挥想象,创造性地写几句或一段话。写时可以让学生随意安排词语的顺序,只要通顺、流畅即可。完成这样的训练后,再给学生创设一个特定的语境,规定用挑选的三五个词去表述这个语境,最后要求学生尽可能多地运用词语,尽可能写得长一些。
二、教学中需要注意的问题
1.防止阅读积累的形式化。
第一学段的学生不宜大量摘抄、书写,进行机械化的练习,我们应当“授人以渔”,让学生拥有智慧的钥匙,渐渐培养学生学习的持久性,诱发他们的阅读动机,使他们在头脑中将阅读与乐趣相联系。
2.防止阅读积累的顾此失彼。新课标在阅读目标中虽然十分强调语言的积累,但是作为教师,我们要站在培养全面发展的人才的高度来进行教育教学,防止顾此失彼。在阅读教学中,我们在引导学生积累语言材料的同时,也要积累文化,打好文学底子。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
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