1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
无论是记叙一件事的多个侧面,还是通过几件不同的事来展现一个共同的主题,常常需要从多重内容和多个角度来写人叙事,表现人物和主题,这多重内容和多个角度之间构成并列关系,使文章有了层次感和厚重感,这就是最常见的并列式结构。如果是写一个人物,我们应该围绕人物的性格选择细节。人物性格是复杂的,往往有着多个侧面,那么,要展现一个人复杂的性格,就应该从两个或者两个以上的侧面去展现,以使人物形象更加丰满而立体。如《项链》中的玛蒂尔德,既有虚荣心极强的一面,也有自尊自爱的一面,作者通过借项链和丢失项链之后的两方面细节对比展开,展现出玛蒂尔德可恨可鄙又可敬可爱的两个侧面,使得人物立体丰满,栩栩如生。如果记叙文写作中需要围绕一个主题去叙述事实,我们依然可以采用这一章法,即用两个或两个以上不同方面的实例加以表现,通过小和大,名人和普通人,文艺界和体育界,物质和精神等等不同的方面的人物或事例,展现相同的主题或者主题的不同深度。如以“丰收”为主题的一篇作文,一位同学就选择了两位不同的人的.事例加以展现,一是选取了自己的舅舅因种植的西瓜又大又好而获得了“瓜王”的称号和后光荣回村的情节,展现新时代的农民物质上的丰收。接着又用自己在教师节那一天去看望老师,老师书房中满满一面墙上贴满了学生发来的贺卡,展现了辛勤耕耘的教师深受学生爱戴,从而获得精神上的丰收。这样从物质和精神两个层面共同展现出“丰收”的意义,给人深刻的启迪。运用并列式结构需要注意:并列的几个内容应各自独立,但又紧紧围绕着一个中心;并列的各个部分必须是平行的,注意不要出现交叉或从属。
记叙文的对照式结构其实可以看作是并列结构的一种特例,只因为并列的事例内容上是真与假、好与坏、美与丑、善与恶、公与私等对立的两方作对比,故称为对照式结构。如《守财奴》一课中,巴尔扎克就将葛朗台对金钱的执着和种种为争夺金钱的种种丑态和女儿欧也妮对金钱的无所谓,对父亲的真爱鲜明对比,突出葛朗台被金钱腐蚀的丑恶灵魂,以及欧也妮灵魂的美好和崇高。记叙文中的对照结构应该特别注意不要简单地通过评价直接对比,而要在字里行间要渗透作者的褒贬、爱憎之情,让事实说话。这几种技法,既是分别独立的,又可以融为一体,如总分中,分的内容可以是并列式,也可以是对照式,而无论是并列还是对照,在一篇文章中都只能围绕一个中心展开。所以不要可以追求形式,还是要集中展现人物性格以及文章主旨。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
读书笔记的种类
1、符号式笔记我们读书的时候,把书中重要的、或者有疑问的地方,用各种符号(例如直线、曲线、括弧、三角、问号……等等勾划出来,或在书的空白处写上批语,这种笔记,就是符号式笔记。符号式笔记使读过的书上的重点问题、疑难问题一目了然,这就为提纲笔记、摘录笔记等其它形式的笔记作好了准备。批语可以是对书中一段内容的概括,也可以是心得体会,或者是对书中某一个问题没有看懂所表示的疑问等。做符号式笔记需要注意以下几点:
(1所读的书必须是自己的。图书馆的或借别人的图书,不应该乱批乱画。
(2每一种符号所代表的意思,自己应该固定下来,不要随意改动。比如,用直线表示重要的内容,用“…”表示精采的句子或优美的词汇,用“ ”表示应当特别注意的地方,用“?”表示尚未弄懂的问题等,以后看书,就都要按自己的这个规定去使用这些符号。
(3符号不能作得过多。如果整页整页都围上圈,划上线,全都成了重点,就等于没有了重点,符号也就失去了它的意义。
(4要清楚整齐。不要把书弄得很脏,涂划得连原文都看不清楚了。以读高尔基的《海燕》为例:海燕在茫茫的大海上,狂风卷着乌云。在乌云和大海之间,海燕像黑色的闪电,在高傲地飞翔。一会儿翅膀碰着波浪,一会儿箭一般直冲向乌云,它叫喊着——就在这鸟儿勇敢的叫喊声里,乌云听出了欢乐。在这叫喊声里——充满着对暴风雨的渴望!在这叫喊声里,乌云听出了愤怒的力量,热情的火焰和胜利的信心?海鸥在暴风雨来临之前***着,——***着,它们在大海上飞窜,想把自己对暴风雨的恐惧掩藏到大海深处。
2、摘录式笔记摘录式笔记就是把我们从书上、报上看到的一些精辟的,富有哲理的,对我们很有启发的内容抄写下来。这种方法看起来比较费事,其实是一种省时省力积累知识的好办法。摘抄可以加深理解和记忆,日后查找起来,面对茫茫的书海,你就能体会到作摘录笔记的优点了。作摘录笔记时要注意以下几个问题:
(1要有选择地抄录。把文中对我们最有用、最有启发的内容抄下来,每条抄录笔记应当“少而精”。“少”指字数较少,“精”指内容把握要点。
(2要忠实原文。书里有段话,我们觉得挺好,想把它抄下来。抄的`时候,又觉得某个词用得别扭,干脆另换一个词代替,这样不行。既然是摘录,作者怎样写,我们就应怎样抄,不但词句不能改动,就连标点符号也不能改动。一段话中,前后和中间不需要摘录的文字,可以用省略号表示。
(3要注明出处。每条材料都要注明是从哪本书里第几页抄录的,作者是谁。如果是在报纸、杂志上抄录的,就要把报纸、杂志的名称、日期写上。还要注明文章的标题和作者。这样便于以后使用时查对。
3、剪贴式笔记在自己订阅的报纸、杂志上看到好的文章或者其它有用的资料及时剪下来,经过整理就是剪贴式笔记。这种方法收集材料快,也很简便。剪贴式笔记需要注意以下几点:
(1进行剪贴式笔记时要按不同的内容分类。可以准备几个用来贴剪报的本子,或者把一个本子分成几个部分,把语文知识、历史知识、自然常识等内容分别贴进去。
(2每一条剪贴的内容要注明出处、时间。即剪自哪一种杂志或报纸,哪一年哪一期等。
(3短小的剪贴笔记也可以作为读书卡片的内容。
4、感想式笔记读完一本好书或一篇好的文章,将自己的感想和体会写出来,这种读书笔记就是感想式笔记,也叫读后感。这种读书笔
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
© 2022 xuexicn.net,All Rights Reserved.