1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
又到吃饭的时候了,桌上摆着新鲜的白灼虾,诱人的红烧肉,绿油油的小青菜,还有一大锅炖了好久的排骨汤,真是荤素搭配,营养丰富,一看就是外公外婆精心为我准备的。外婆在一边不停地对我说“多吃点虾,长高个,喝点排骨汤,补钙的,再吃点蔬菜,补充维C……”哎,我一直对大人们这种“填鸭”式喂养有意见,我看着满桌丰盛的菜肴一点胃口也没有,慢吞吞地嚼着饭,满脑子里只有牛排汉堡。外公看我一副不乐意的样子,不高兴地说:“你这孩子真是身在福中不知福,***妈在你这么大的时候,不管买什么东西都要凭票,买肉要肉票,买米要粮票……全是由国家统一分配,想多买些肉都不行。 ”“是啊!是啊!”爸爸也在一边接着说,“如果我小时候天天有鸡蛋吃牛奶喝,我还会长得更高些!”一直没开口的妈妈说话了,“吃饭的时候别教育孩子,会消化不良的。”还是妈妈好啊!可我又听到妈妈接着说“赵怡霖,多吃点,你看你瘦得……”看着四个大人围着我,四张嘴说个不停,我只好一声不吭,谁叫我长得像根小豆芽菜呢?他们也是为了我有个好身体,想给我增加营养啊!哎,这就是我们家,每次吃饭最后都变成了忆苦思甜。不过,我觉得他们说得也有道理,我们现在的生活确实像掉进了蜜罐里,我也十分庆幸,我生活在幸运的年代,能过着幸福的生活。外公这个老党员曾告诉我:“这都是党的功劳!” 是党,让我们的生活更美好!如果把党比作阳光,那我们就是花儿,花儿在阳光下茁壮生长,我们在党的关怀下幸福成长。我们要像花儿吸取养料一样,不断汲取知识,学好本领,将来报效祖国。我坚信,在我们不懈的努力下,祖国的明天会更美好!
1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, which is caused by the rotation of the earth as you all know. but have you ever thought of the effect of the earths rotation on man and can you imagine what would happen if the earth stopped rotating?
the radius of the earth is about 6,370 kilometres. it takes the earth 24 hours to rotate once. objects on the earths equator move with the earth at a speed of 460 metres per second, and the air close to the earths surface turns at the same speed. if the earth stopped rotating suddenly, the air would keep flowing eastward at a speed of 460 metres per second. the wind would be fourteen times as powerful as a hurricane. at the same time sea water would rush eastward at a speed of several hundred metres per second, which might do damages much greater than a seaquake would do. obviously, men could hardly stand such a catastrophe.
even if such a catastrophe would not happen, there would be a great temperature difference on the two hemispheres of the earth, and the four seasons of the year would no longer occur because a day and a night would be as long as a whole year instead of 24 hours. all this would greatly affect the life of human beings, imals and plants and that would cause worse results than anything imaginable.
简,有着坚强的性格。即使她背负着自然与社会给她的一切不幸,微不足道的她却依然独自主宰着自己的命运。这使她成为英国19世纪中一名少有的独立女性。
小时侯,简爱在寄居的舅妈家里,和骄横残暴的表哥约翰发生冲突,瘦小的她却敢于和表哥扭打,并怒斥他:“你这男孩…… ……”后在学校与海伦相识,彼此相互照顾。直至海伦感染病菌而死去,冷酷的校长无视于着一切,但简一个人悲痛了几天几夜。
长大了起初,她先在富有英俊的罗切斯特先生做家教,之后与罗切斯特先生相恋。他们爱得义无返顾。可是简她在此时却毅然离他而去,凭借自己一人的力量在外闯荡漂流。这种“风潇潇易水寒,壮士一去不复反”的坚定主张与不悔行动,完全是夏洛蒂笔下一名勇敢独立女性的一座不朽的里程碑。
那天,我虽然花了两小时将此书“啃”光,但却花了几个星期的时间将它不停的回味。十六岁一个不该轻言“爱”的花季却想说:“他们如此坚定的爱情真是令人羡慕!”——简,没有双亲,没有钱财,雪上加霜的是她并不漂亮。因此她在世人眼中她更失去了魅力!可罗切斯特一点也不在乎这一切而将自己那颗火热的心赤裸裸的交给了简。随后,回来的简,再次看到这位曾经俊俏的罗切斯特为了救自己已“疯”的妻子而失明并且残废。即使是如此巨大的糟糕的变化,却一点也没改变简对他的爱。简毅然重新回到他身边,无微不至的照顾他!
大概正是这颗不离不弃的“真心”感动了上天,在书的结尾罗切斯特先生最终再次“重见光明”。给我们以书外,漫漫的深思。女主人公并没有《红楼梦》中林黛玉的柔情,没有《傲慢与偏见》中伊丽莎白的美丽,但她“简”以自己的顽强独立获得了众人的肯定。
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