下课后,我与朋友在楼道里玩。忽然,我们看见一个灰灰的小东西,走近一看竟是一只受伤的小鸽子。
它一动不动地躲在角落里,只有两只小眼睛一眨一眨。
我们把鸽子轻轻托起,来到学校栅栏边。本想让它飞出去,可它还是一动不动,有一位热心的阿姨抱起鸽子,仔细检查了它的一对翅膀和身体其他部位。阿姨说,它的`翅膀受伤了,她回去喂喂鸽子。我和朋友高兴极了,谢过阿姨后,我往身后一看,已有十几个小同学围在栅栏边,好奇地看着阿姨抱着鸽子,走远了。
由于在很多情况下,说明文是对客观存在的说明与介绍,因此语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉,比如:
(1)I think that getting up late is not always a bad thing.
(2)It is said that getting up late is not always a bad thing.
相比之下,例(2)的语言要比例(1)的语言客观一些,容易让人接受一些。如果再作一些表述上的改动:
(3)Getting up late is not always a bad thing, according to Franklin Smith, a well-known psychologist in Stanford University.
引进著名人士作为信息的来源,可以使想要说明的内容更具有说服力。如果我们将例(3)中的always再改为necessarily,就可使整个句子更客观、委婉,便于为读者接受:
(4)Getting up late is not necessarily a bad thing, according to Franklin Smith, a well-known psychologist in Stanford University.
在英语中,采用被动语态,引进权威的信息来源以及选用委婉的词语是使说明文避免主观色彩,增加客观性,从而为读者接受的重要语言手段
在我小时候,我养过一只可爱的小白鸽。以为它特别白,所以我把它称它为小白。
刚开始的时候,我每天都像麻麻说小白的食物不够,母亲听了急忙到急市场买饲料给小白吃。有一次,我上学黑家的时候,它便在家门口等我,我回家看到它时,她大声的“咕咕”叫。我想它饿了,就飞快跑到我家那了大米冲了出来给他吃,他吃着吃着好着好像在说:“小主人谢谢你,我吃饱了。”
暑假我发现它生了两个孩子,我开心极了,过了十年,我成了鸽子专家。这是我对鸽子的了解差不多已将很熟了。
这就是我的小白鸽,你们喜欢吗。
一、简洁性。说明文的遣词造句,应简洁平实、通俗易懂。
二、准确性。说明文以传授知识为目的,这就要求它必须用准确的语言,如实地反映事物的特征、本质、规律。说明文的语言的准确性是说明文语言的先决条件。表示时间、空间、数量、范围、程度、特征、性质、程序等,都要求准确无误。
三、科学性。介绍科学知识的说明文,要特别注重科学术语的准确使用。
四、严密性。为了使读者对较复杂的事物、较深奥的事理有明晰确切的理解,说明文常常恰当地使用修饰和限制词语,讲究语言的周到严密。
五、条理性。任何事物都具有它本身的条理,我们说明事物就要按照它本身的条理来安排说明顺序,使之眉目清楚,有条不紊。
六、逻辑性。有的说明文,要从事物的内在联系上进行说明,语言逻辑性强。
七、趣味性。元大鹰先生说:“说明文不一定就是板起面孔来说话,说明文未尝不可带一点风趣。”为了把事物的特点说得更加生动形象,增强文章的启发性和感染力,说明文要适当地采用生动的说明。
好的文章动静结合、张弛有度有节奏感。句式也是一样,要有变化性,这不仅能使文章更生动,也是语言表达方式的需要和表达能力的体现。句式的`变化,主要是要注意两点:
● 不要从头至尾使用一种句型。
● 长短句结合。
由于语言功底的欠缺和惯用思维,很多人写的文章一种句式到头,如:
I think …
I hope…
He does it.
He will take it
这样的文章虽然意思表达出来了,却显得呆板,欠生动。解决的办法是:
1.间或使用主从复句。
Because he is very much determined, he will carry it out this time. (原因
比较:He is very much determined. He will carry it out this time.
2.使用分词结构句。
The weather being fine, a large number of people went sightseeing.
比较:The weather is fine. A large number of people went sightseeing.
Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.
比较:Africa is the second largest continent. Its size is about three times that of China.
3.使用不定式句。
To be or not to be, that is a question. (莎士比亚
To study or not to study, that is much different.(引申
To do it well, you must plan it well.
比较:You want to do it well. And you must plan it well.
4.倒装句
Only when we fully recognize its importance can we have control of its essence.
比较:After we fully recognize its importance, we can have control of its essence.
No sooner had he arrived home than it began to rain.
比较:He arrived home. And it began to rain.
5.失衡句
whether or not he will come is still unknown to all the people present.
比较:No one present knows whether he will come or not.
That he has done it all by himself is known to everyone.
比较:Everyone knows that he has done it all by himself.
当然,句子并不是越长越好,也不是越复杂水平就越高。凡事皆有度。太多长句的堆砌让人觉得是买弄。有时侯,一个短小精辟的句子可以起到画龙点睛的作用。特别是在文末段尾。比如:
●As a creature, every one knows.
●Actions speak louder than words.
●Practice makes perfect.
吃过晚饭后,我和爸爸散步,我看见路灯下有一个黑乎乎的东西在动,我就跑过去一看,原来是一只可爱的小麻雀,我小心地把它捧起来,好可怜的小麻雀呀,这么小就离开的母亲。
这只小麻雀长着灰色的羽毛,眼睛小小的,小嘴巴是黄色的,嘴巴上还长着两个小鼻孔子,它的尾巴像一个小扇子,我真的好喜欢这只小麻雀。
我要好好地喂养它,让它快快地长大,去找它的母亲。
一个好的主题句是文章成功的一半。不仅文章有主题,段落有纲,句也必有中心。文章失却主题,就会不知所云;落无纲,则一盘散沙,句缺中心,就无意义。所以,在立足于篇章时,一定要首先明确文的主题;在发展段落时,也要首先写好主题句。从PETS三的特点来考虑,主题句最好是置于文首或段首,这样让人一目了然! 以下就是两个实用的开门见山式发展主题句的方法。
●To begin with, we must attach the greatest importance possible to this issue/fact (key word.
●As is well known to all, it is now high time that we took this (topic word into serious consideration.
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