I have a happy family. There are my father, my mother, my brother and I. My father works a long way from home. And my mother is a housewife. My brother is a student who studies in the school. In a word, my family is full of happiness. I have a very happy family.There are four people in my family--my parents ,my younger brother and I.My fathther is working in another city,so he is always very busy.As a famous saying goes :" There is always an able woman behind a successful man .",my mother is a housewife.She can cook very dilicious food and she is often busy with some houseworks.Sometimes,brother and I help her tidy the house,but of course,we couldn't tidy as clean as her. I love my parents as well as my family.I hope we can be happy forever! My Family Hello,everyone! Today I'm very glad to tell you about my family. I have a happy family. There are four people in it. They are my father、my mother、my little brother、and I.My father is working in anther city.He is so busy that he has no time to come back to see u.
We miss him very much. My mother is a housewife .Every day,she cooks delicious meals and does a lot of housework.My brother and I are both students.We work very hard. In my family ,there are lots of happinesses around me.I love my family!
this is my bedroom,
it is small but clean.
这是我的房间,很小很干净。
there is a bed in my bedroom.
有一张床在我房间
near it is my desk.
靠近床有一张课桌。
there is a lamp on my desk.
书桌上有一盏台灯。
under my desk there is a football.
书桌下有一个足球。
in front of my bed is my bookshelf.
there are many books in it.
beside it is a TV.
在床的前面有一个书架,里面有很多书,旁边有一台电视机。
I love my room very much.
我喜欢我的房间。
This is my family.They are my mother,my father and me.My father is a teacher.He works in a school.He is of medium height and of medium build.He has shortstraight black hair.He looks young.Now he is reading
books.My mother is a reporter.She works in a TV station.She is of medium height and a little thin.She has long curly black hair.She is very beautiful.Now she is watching TV.I am a student.I am tall and thin.I have
long straight black hair.I am doing my homework,now.This is my family.
3.1 样本与分析方法
本文选取的五篇英文议论文样本如下:The Real Truth About Lies (Randy Fitzgerald,882 字,选自The World Of English,2001.6); Education ( E.B. White,1021字,选自The Hill Reader,135-155); The Art Of SmartGuessing ( Bryan W. Mattimore,1034 字,选自The World English,2001.2); On The Art OfAdvertising ( Samuel Johnson功能语法,995 字,选自 The Hill Reader,453-455); 以及 The Green Frog Skin(John Lame Deer,1166 字,选自The Hill Reader ,332-334).
笔者依据物质,心理,关系,行为,言语和存在六个过程对每篇文章的分句进行了判定,并为进一步的量化分析计算出各分句所占比例。具体分布情况如下表所示:
物质
过程
心理
过程
关系
过程
行为
过程
言语
过程
存在
过程
总计
篇章1
26
13
32
1
25
4
101
篇章2
35
8
29
7
5
8
92
篇章3
26
9
35
2
1
14
87
篇章4
31
13
24
7
7
82
篇章5
42
13
46
10
7
3
121
总计
160
56
166
20
45
36
483
百分比
33%
11.6%
34.4%
4%
9%
7.5%
主句
16
16
40
2
16
7
97
百分比
16.5%
16.5%
41.2%
2%
16.5%
7.2%
附属从句与嵌入式从句
64
22
36
10
9
13
154
百分比
41.56%
14.3%
23.4%
6.5%
6%
8.4%
3.2 分析结果与探讨
从上表可以看出,韩礼德的六个过程模式在英文议论中呈现不均衡分布。从整体来看,物质过程和关系过程所占比例分别为33%和34.4%。这就意味着在英文议论文中,物质和关系过程占据主体地位,二者总体超过总数的三分之二,而其他四个过程仅占不到三分之一。单从主句来看,关系过程以41.2%的比例占据主导地位,同时,我们可以发现一个非常有趣的现象,即物质,心理,言语过程所占比例均为16.5%。在从句的过程分布比例中,物质过程占41.5%,非常接近关系过程在主句中所占的比重。其次是关系过程,所占百分比为23.4。存在过程在整体分句,主句及从句中的分布比例较为稳定。出现比例最小的为行为过程。
结合小句过程模式的分布比例和议论文的特点,笔者的分析如下:
第一,物质过程是摆事实,讲论据的最佳途径。作为质询和决策的方式之一,议论文应当提供充分有力的证据来引领读者挖掘事件的方方面面。论据通常包括常识,例证,事实,数据,引用等等。有效的论据必须能够清楚直接地证明论点cssci期刊目录。一般情况下,人的行为即为已经发生的无可改变的既成事实,而物质过程作为外部经验的表述恰好使其成为了提供论据最为常用的模式。在议论文中,从句通常扮演着为主句提供事实或数据的角色,由此不难解释为何物质过程在从句中占据绝对比例。例如,在复杂句“advertisements are now so numerous that theyare very negligently perused”中,其从句“they are verynegligently perused,”阐述了主句所引发的事实结果。相反地,主观意见和心理活动的论证说明力远不如事实,这也正是心理过程在议论文中所占比重较小的原因。
第二,关系过程在英文议论文中的显著地位源于其对逻辑关系的阐释。逻辑性对议论文至关重要功能语法,议论文的目的就是通过理性说明来赢得读者的认同,而读者对新观点的认同建立在其已认同的事实和原理的基础之上。因此,从本质上来说,议论文是通过良好的逻辑建立和加强共同与合作意识的过程。换言之,所有能够作为论据的事实和原理都必须相互并与结论有逻辑性地联系在一起,任何逻辑错误或推理失误都可能导致读者对整篇文章论点的怀疑。关系过程,表明一项经验与另一项经验之间的关系,恰好能够清楚地阐释读议论文中的逻辑关系。以代表句型“x is a”为例,x与a之间的逻辑关系并非唯一的。a既可作为某项特征表明x的特性,也可作为指代与x进行互换。简而言之,在关系过程中,主句通常是被从句归纳化或概念化的特征或指代。
第三,在英文议论中,看似表达主观观点与意愿的言语过程同样不可或缺。引用权威的语言,观点,评论或表达都常常作为强有力的事实支撑来赞同或反对某一观点,而无论是直接引用还是间接引用,都必须通过言语过程来体现。
第四,其他过程类型在英文议论文中同样占据一席之地并发挥着举足轻重的作用。对议论文而言,描述,叙述,阐释等写作手法的合理利用与相辅相成无疑是锦上添花。正因如此,六个过程在英文议论文中的不同分布比例恰好是议论文客观,有逻辑,严肃及某种程度上带有一定主观色彩的特点等要求的自然结果。
My room is small, but comfortable and clean.
Take the door, on the left is a bookcase. The above is my dad's book, and below is my "private property" in bookcase pretend I most like to watch book at ordinary times. What little sunflower, extracurricular reading, contemporary elementary, hundred thousand whys... It's full of beautiful things in eyes, dazzling. In spite of large Numbers, they still according to the height of a placed very neatly.
The right of the bookcase is a small bed. Every night, I lay there to sleep, do a dream.
To the other side of the bed is my desk. There are my keyboard on the desk, and I often read the book. Every school, it's "people" will increase, because above filled up with my school things, and my homework. Bed is a window. The sun shine into my room through the window, make the room warm and bright.
Sofa is next to the desk, the sofa has been neatly folded my clothes, and my family "" toys.
Chest and sofa is an inseparable friends, my family moved to either, they were always together. The big wardrobe, which is full of clothes when I was a kid.
My room is not big, but there is full of laughter every day.
I have a lovely bedroom. It is small but clean and beautiful. The wall is light green and the floor is white. There is a bed in my bedroom, it is really comfortable. I sleep with it every night. And there is a small sofa near my bed, I always read books on it. There is also a desk in my room, I do my homework on it every evening. Near the desk, there is a shelf. There are many books on the shelf. You can borrow books from me if you like reading.
My bedroom is so good that I like it very much.
我有一间可爱的卧室。它很小但却干净漂亮。房间的墙壁是浅绿色的,地板是白色的。我的卧室有一张床,它真的很舒服。每天晚上我都谁在这张床上。我的`床边还有一张小沙发,我经常躺在上面看书。我的房间还有一张书桌,每天晚上我都在上面做作业。书桌旁边有一个书架,书架上面有很多书。如果你喜欢阅读的话你可以想我借书。
我的卧室很漂亮,我很喜欢我的卧室。
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