1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
孕育出了许仲琳、吴承恩、蒲松龄等一棵棵参天大树
树立了《封神演义》《西游记》《聊斋》等一座座丰碑
还有《山海经》《搜神记》《牛郎织女》《七仙女和董永》《八仙过海》《白娘子永镇雷峰塔》等奇花异草
可不知何时起
水逐渐干涸
风沙肆虐
青草消退
大树枯萎
只剩下那些丰碑在岁月的沧桑中叹息
春天何时回到这里?
忽如一夜东风来
甘霖洒落不毛之地
原野钻出星星点点绿意
一棵茁壮的大树已在春风中挺立
这是一个交友不慎的故事,这是一个太空版物竟天择、适者生存的故事。
《三体》
一场想象力的饕餮盛宴;
一部时空跨度空前的史诗巨著;
一场人性演绎的心理大戏;
一次关于宇宙真相的终极探索。
什么是孤独?一个人置身茫茫大海,身无一物,旁边除了海水还是海水。蓝天白云远远地、默默地浮在天上,兴许看都懒得看你一眼。未来还有更甚者,一个人身陷茫茫太空,没有上下,没有声音,只有无尽的黑暗和寒冷,周围全是无尽的深渊,你就那样一动不动永远地悬在半空。
先是同类背叛了叶文洁,然后是叶文洁背叛了同类。为什么,这是个问题!还有伊文斯,对同类从失望到绝望,从绝望到憎恶,有多少人留意到这个过程。
从本意出发,叶文洁并不是人类的背叛者,她并不疯狂,只是想改良人类而已。否则怎么会有她和罗辑在杨冬墓前的对话,那不就是为人类留下了一线希望么。
生命诞生于黑暗,却向往着光明。
别崇拜我,我不是你们的上帝。我没有创造你们,你们的出现纯属意外,仅仅是一种偶然,也就是你们所说的奇迹。
一个人在海里舀了一瓢水,发现里面没有鱼,也没有虾。于是他说:海水里没有鱼和虾。另一个人听到后忍不住笑了,因为前者的思维还处于虫子层级。
寒冷多于温暖,黑暗多于光明;宇宙各文明间一点也不文明,充满了猜疑和敌意,消除威胁或潜在威胁的最好办法就是把对方从地图上彻底抹去。这就是宇宙的真相——黑暗森林法则。
人类文明创造了一个又一个奇迹,在这一个个奇迹的基础上,又催生了更大的奇迹,核聚变发动机、恒星际战舰、引力波天线、太空电梯、太空城、巨树森林、掩体工程、光速飞船乃至后来拥有独立时空的小宇宙,一个比一个惊世骇俗,堪比上帝之手。事实果真如此吗?当超乎人类想象的智子、水滴、高能光粒、黑域、纸片渐次出现,人类瞬间从荣耀之巅跌落无底深渊,渺小、绝望、恐惧犹如毒蛇缠绕着心灵不放。原来,自以为看到了整个大大海的人类,不过是在海边刚湿了一下脚而已。仅仅见到宇宙真相冰山一角的人类立即方寸大乱,不再顾及那些公认的价值观和道德准则,生存成了压倒一切的唯一目标,于是黑暗战役发生了。
云天明的经历告诉我们:一个普通人在关键时刻也可能做出非凡之举,即使他平时失败得一塌涂地!所以许多人一生未有非凡之举只因一生未遇非凡之事。
深邃、无垠的星空充满了魅惑,也潜伏着***机。
生存是一棵大树,什么科学、自由、民主、艺术、人权、宗教等等等等都是这棵大树结出的果实。离开了树谈果实还有意义吗?当生存遭到威胁,所有的果实都得让路,包括爱。程心两次超级失误的根源就在于她没有意识到这一点,或者说她不认同这一点,而韦德意识到了,遗憾的是他没有选择的权力,于是悲剧发生了。
现在的我们处在黄金时代吗?地球是人类的且是唯一的伊甸园吗?看完《三体》系列后,我肯定地说:YES!我没有理由不爱这个时代和地球!
爆发膨胀坍缩奇点,再爆发再膨胀再坍缩再奇点……生而复死,死而复生,死亡的终点恰恰是重生的起点,宇宙就在这样的精巧设计中循环往复。至此可以推论出:真正的上帝不是人,不是神,也不是宇宙,而是自然规律。
如果说黑暗意味着保护和安全,那么冷酷和偏执则代表了理性。(对托马斯.韦德的评价)
关于《三体》的终极追问:文明的核心是什么?宇宙间的各个文明真的没法共存吗?如果刘慈欣先生有幸看到,好想知道他对这两个问题的看法。(我们知道地球上的各国可以通过经贸文化交流来共存共荣,那宇宙间的文明呢?)
身为凡人却未走上凡人的路,有时不得不想上帝该想的事,不得不做上帝该做的的事。救世主的经历是离奇的,他(她)的孤寂无处倾诉自不必再说,更让人无奈的是:时而站在荣耀之巅,接受万众敬仰;时而声名狼藉,饱受万众诟病,有人意欲诛之,有人意欲避之。这种峰谷间的极速颠倒切换岂非常人所能承受。
没有爱一切都会失去意义,这是程心的最高准则。因为爱,她犯了两次超级错误。第一次她因为不愿意毁灭两个世界而放弃了对敌人的黑暗森林威慑,使人类险些毁灭;第二次因为担心星环城挑起的战争会摧毁掩体世界而命令韦德停止了曲率驱动研究,结果又使人类在危机来临时丧失了逃出太阳系的机会。第三次同样因为是爱,程心最终做出了无悔的选择。听到宇宙可能会在无尽的膨胀、黑暗和寒冷中永远死去,程心毅然放弃了在小宇宙中偷生的念头,偿还了属于母亲的一切。她的爱超越了爱情 ,超越了亲情,最后超越了生命,同时也顺应了天意。程心,虽败犹荣!
宇宙有时更像一个舞台,各种文明在舞台上尽情的表演力争成为主角,并将这种状态永远保持下去。然而再好的表演也有谢幕的时候,无论你是如何的依依不舍。当然,舞台不会只有一场表演,未来的生命也应该有机会登台。所以,幕谢了还有再拉开的`时候,但舞台都没了谁还有机会再登场呢?!所以留给母亲轮回的机会,给未来一个希望,这就是回归运动的本意。
小宇宙就是一个超级啃老工程,他拥有一个完全独立于宇宙的时空。即便外面的宇宙永远的死去,它也能使住在里面的人凭借从宇宙搬来的资源悠然自得地活下去。
程心是有爱的人,她对生命充满了爱和敬畏。爱让程心犯错,爱也让程心伟大。
原来生命并非至高无上,在生命之上还有宇宙和自然规律,这就是道。程心将自己融入了道,做到了天人合一。
三体用科技的酒瓶装下了用中国原料酿造的美酒,这种原料就是道家的精神和智慧,读起来醇香馥郁回味悠长。
爱一个人,你可以送她鲜花、戒指、房子、车子……但云天明不同,她送给爱人的竟是一颗星星,而且是在对方毫不知情的前提下。第二次他送给爱人的是人类文明存续的希望,只不过这个希望阴差阳错地破灭了。第三次他送给爱人的是一个可以独立生存的小宇宙。云天明的爱如此地烂漫,如此地深沉,真男人也!
宇宙在人类眼中看似古朴、原始,却不知它受过多少文明的糟蹋和蹂躏,早已不是本来的模样。
罗辑和云天明,一个天性凉薄,一个少人疼爱,只因有一个深爱的人,便殚精竭虑地负起了拯救人类的责任。理由就这么简单,只要有一个人值得这么做,那就全力以赴,爱屋及乌概是此意吧!.
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
Malaysia has been a hot tourist country in recent years, because people from all around the world were so attractive by its beautiful islands, which were green water and blue sky. But as more and more tourists come to visit its islands, problem comes. The media exposed the picture of full of trash in the island, which was so different from the tourist information. This is just one of the classic examples of tourist industry. People call for the clearness of environment. Both the tourists and government have the duty to do something to protect the environment. For tourists, they need to form the good habit of taking away the stuffs they bring and the government needs to take some action to deal with the trash. No one expects to see dirty scenery, so it needs us to do something.
马来西亚近年来成为了热门旅游国家,因为世界各地的人都被其美丽的岛屿吸引,那里有碧绿的水和蓝蓝的天空。但随着越来越多的游客来参观它的岛屿,问题也随之而来。媒体曝光的照片中,岛上到处是垃圾,这与旅游信息所展示的不一样。这仅仅是其中经典的旅游行业的`之一的例子,人们呼吁赶紧的环境。游客和政府都有义务做一些事情来保护环境。对游客来说,他们需要形成拿走他们带来的东西的好习惯,政府需要采取一些措施来处理垃圾。没有人想要看到脏乱的风景,因此需要我们做些事情。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
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