今天上午,我们去菜市场买了饺皮、猪肉、芹菜和鲜香菇。你知道要做什么吗?哈哈,当然是包饺子。
回到家,我们先把猪肉剁成肉沫,再把切好的芹菜和鲜香菇给放进去,并且放上调料,然后再搅拌。这样,鲜美的肉馅就做好了。妈妈接着准备了一碗清水放在桌子上,我很纳闷这是干么用的?
现在,我们开始包饺子了。只见妈妈把饺皮放在手掌上,用筷子夹了点肉馅放在饺皮的的正中间,再用手沾了一下水涂在饺皮的周围,然后再把饺皮合拢,很快,一个饺子就站在盘子里了。噢,我明白了,原来这水是合拢饺皮用的,可是水不是浆糊,怎么会粘得住呢?
带着好奇,于是我也学着妈妈的样子,拿起了饺皮,放在手上,夹了一点肉馅放在饺皮的中间,再用手沾了一点水,小心翼翼地涂在饺皮周围,把饺皮对折起来,轻轻地用手捏了捏,哇,奇迹般的事情发生了,饺皮真的粘在一起了。后来我才知道,原来,饺皮是面粉做的,而面粉遇水就有粘性。
就这样,饺子在我和妈妈的手中一个个的诞生了,看着自己的劳动成果,我开心极了。
包饺子真是一件有趣的事啊!使我充满了成就感,不信,你们也来试试。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
改写是改变原文表现形式的一种写法。相对于其他表现形式(扩写、缩写、续写)来说,在写法和表现形式上是比较自由的。可以对作品的体裁、结构、人称、描述方法、语言等方面进行改写。
改写时,可按以下步骤进行:
一、认真阅读原文,准确地掌握原文的内容
只有在熟练掌握原文主要内容的前提下,才能合理地对原文进行改写。如《小马过河》故事是同学们
再熟悉不过的了,文中的小马替妈妈到磨坊去磨面,在被小河拦住去路的时候,小马犹豫了。老牛说水很浅,而松鼠却说水很深,弄得小马没有了主义,只好跑回家去问妈妈。虽然后来过了河,毕竟浪费了时间。若是你,你会怎样写《小马过河》呢?你可能会写:小马没听任何人的劝告,自己试探着过了河,完成了妈妈交给自己的任务。还可能会写其他的内容,这完全由同学们自己支配,但要合乎情理。
二、对照原文,在内容或形式上要有所创新
一般来说,改写后的文章,或许比原文更有趣;或许比原文更有新意这样,被改写的文章读者看了才会产生较强的吸引力。如《我要的是葫芦》一文,文中种葫芦的人不听邻居的劝告,到了秋天,一个葫芦都没收到,这样的结果多令人惋惜呀?如果是你,你将怎样改变种葫芦人的命运呢?要么依旧,要么发生了翻天覆地的变化但越符合人们的意愿越好!
三、认真构思,注意结构的完整,反复修改加工。
为使所写的文章,赢得更多读者的喜爱,达到人人乐读的地步,除保留原文的韵味外,应有自己的独到见解,尤其是内容和结构一定要不拘泥与原文,这样,写出的文章才会有新意。还要在反复阅读的基础上,进行合理的加工、修改,使改写后的文章更完美。虽然是改写,也要注意讲究条理清楚、层次分明,前后的照应,保持结构的完整性。
此外,改写还要注意以下几点:
A、注意改写文与原文的联系,明确改写文是建立在原文的基础之上的,两者千万不要割裂开来,两者是相辅相成。
B、改写的时候可以适当发挥想象,围绕原文的中心增加必要的情节、细节和语句。但要注意详略安排要得当。
C、改写不能大段大段地抄写原文,要在理解原文的基础上,用自己的话来写。
〖学生例文1
《小马过河》改编
从前,在一个马棚里曾经住着一匹老马和一匹小马。
随着时光的流逝,小马慢慢地长大了,老马对小马说:好孩子,你已经长大了,该帮妈妈做一些事了。小马兴奋地说:太好了,我正闲着没事干呢!老马说:那好哇!如今我老了,行动不便,驮不动这半口袋麦子了,你帮我把这半袋麦子驮到磨坊去,回来后我给你烙大饼吃。小马听了,飞快地跑着,想早点儿吃到香喷喷的大饼。
但是他刚走了一半的路,就被一条河挡住了去路,这可把小马急坏了,正当小马急得团团转的时候,他看见老牛在草地上吃草,就急忙跑到老牛身旁问:牛伯伯,这水很浅吗?老牛说:水很浅,才没小腿。小马听了,正要下河,一只松鼠从树上跳下来大叫:小马,不要过河,河水会淹死你的!昨天,我的伙伴就是在这条河里淹死的。老牛跟松鼠争论起来了,老牛说:你凭什么说水很深?我刚才从那边过来才没小腿。你有什么理由说水浅?小松鼠也说了自己的理由,就这样,他们俩你一句,我一句,吵得不可开交。小马说:你们别吵了,我自己下水试一试不就知道了吗?说着,小马就小心翼翼地下了河,开始小马还有些担心被河水淹没,走着,走着,水已经碰到小马的肚子了。可小马仍旧继续往前走,见没什么问题,就一口气趟过河。老牛说:小马真勇敢!松鼠松了一口气,说:唉!小马可真了不起,看起来它很小,可它早已长大了。
小马顺利地过了河,到了磨坊,把麦子磨成了面,小马把这半袋子面驮回家,老马给小马做了一顿香喷喷儿的大饼。小马想:我下次还要替妈妈去磨面,好让妈妈给我烙更好吃的大饼。
〖教师点评
改写后的文章要给读者带来乐趣,写出新意尤为重要。做到这一点并不难,合理地发挥你的想象定能谱写新篇章。本文的小作者能够在读熟、读透原文内容的基础上,进行大胆的想象,较成功地改写了《小马过河》。尤其是对小马仗着胆量过河的描写十分贴切(
说着,小马就小心翼翼地下了河,开始小马还有些担心被河水淹没,走着,走着,水已经碰到小马的肚子了。可小马仍旧继续往前走,见没什么问题,就一口气趟过河),更值得一提的是,对老牛和松鼠争论河水的深浅时有了自己新的认识
(老牛说:小马真勇敢!松鼠松了一口气,说:唉!小马可真了不起,看起来它很小,可它早已长大了。),写的很有意思。结尾饶有兴趣,符合儿童的特点。
〖学生例文2
《我要的是葫芦》新编
从前,有一个人种了几棵葫芦。过了些日子,葫芦长出了细长的葫芦藤,藤上开了几朵雪白的小花,花谢以后藤上挂着几个小葫芦。那个种葫芦的\'人每天都要去看几次,给葫芦浇水、松土、施肥整天忙得不可开交。
一天,种葫芦的人看见葫芦藤的叶子上有些蚜虫在爬,心想:蚜虫要是把我的小葫芦给吃了,那可怎么办啊?想到这,他立刻去农贸市场买来了专治蚜虫的***虫药。他急忙把药剂按一定的比例配好,装进喷雾器里,立刻拿着药赶到葫芦藤下,仔细地寻找蚜虫最多的地方,对准蚜虫,把***虫剂喷在葫芦叶和葫芦藤上。
正在这时,一个邻居从这里路过看见了说:你要的是葫芦,***这些蚜虫干嘛?种葫芦的人解释说:不把虫子***死,万一它吃光了叶子,那小葫芦怎么能长大呢?种葫芦人仍在专心致志地***虫子,那个邻居看了一会儿就扫兴地走开了。
过了几天,葫芦藤上的蚜虫都死了,葫芦藤的叶子更绿了,长得郁郁葱葱的,简直像一个绿色的凉棚,小葫芦也越来越绿了,越长越大了。种葫芦的人看了心里喜滋滋的。
到了秋天,种葫芦的人收了许多大葫芦。除了送给邻居们一些,剩下的运到集市上去卖,挣了许多钱,他把挣来的钱捐给了村里的希望小学,使所有的穷孩子都进学堂读书去了,他可真的做了一件大好事呀!长大了,我也要像那位勤劳肯动脑筋的种葫芦人那样,热心地为人们服务!
〖教师点评
改写相当于你的再次创作,但不是你轻而易举就能完成的,要掌握一定的原则和方法:读懂原文为前提,内容创新最重要,想象合理使得内容更精彩。怎么样,试一试吧?
本文的小作者能够在读懂、理解原文的基础上,展开丰富的想象,把文中原来愚昧无知的种葫芦人变得聪明、头脑灵活,挽救了被蚜虫侵害的葫芦。文中对种葫芦人买药治虫的段落写得很细致,尤其是与邻居的对话更能看出小作者想象极为丰富。本文的结局更是让人感到惊喜,达到了作者所希望的效果。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
今天下午,我和爸爸妈妈去姥姥家吃饭,姥姥说:“玥玥,我们包饺子吃好吗?”我说:“好啊!”
姥姥先把面放进盆里,然后倒上点水,再用手搓面,不一会儿,面就和好了。姥姥给我一块面,让我把面搓成长条,然后,姥姥去调饺子馅。饺子馅是韭菜肉的`,我最喜欢吃的。姥姥调完饺子馅时,我已经把面搓好了,姥姥把面切成一小块一小块的,我把面压成小饼,然后把小饼擀成饺子皮,我再把馅放进饺子皮里,把饺子边缘捏好,一个饺子就包好了。我就这样包了许多饺子,等饺子包完了,我满脸的白面,姥姥说我变成了一只小白猫了!嘿嘿!
爸爸把饺子放进了锅里,一会儿,香喷喷的饺子就可以吃了,我吃了一盘饺子呢,真好吃!
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