说明文的定义:说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能,解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。说明文实用性很强,它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词、科学小品等。
说明文的顺序:常见的说明顺序有:时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。说明的时间顺序和记叙的时间顺序相似。空间顺序,要特别注意弄清空间的位置,注意事物的表里、大小、上下、前后、左右、东南西北等的位置和方向。逻辑顺序,常以推理过程来表现。采用什么顺序,主要取决于作者所说明对象的特点。
说明文的方法:举例子、作比较、下定义、列图表、诠释法(又称作诠释)、打比方、摹状貌、引用、分类别、列数字等。
说明文的内容:按照不同的标准,说明文可分不同的类别:依据说明对象与说明目的的不同,把说明文分为事物说明文和事理说明文两大类。根据说明语言的`不同特色,表达方式的使用情况的不同,把说明文分为平实的说明文和生动的说明文两种。生动的说明文又叫文艺性说明文。文艺性说明文是通过文艺的形式介绍科学知识的说明文。
说明文虽是以说明为主要表达方式的一类文种,但若没有其他表达方式(如叙述、议论、描写等)的恰当配合,则无法圆满地完成向读者介绍事物、解释事理的任务;而从学习写作说明文的角度讲,如果能确切了解表达方式的综合运用在说明文中的重要作用,注意准确使用叙述、议论等方式来辅助说明,说明文就能写得有声有色,文采斐然。
说明文的特点是“说”,而且具有一定的知识性。这种知识,或者来自有关科学研究资料,或者是亲身实践、调查、考察的所得,都具有严格的科学性。为了要把事物说明白,就必须把握事物的特征,进而揭示出事物的本质属性,即不仅要说明“是什么”,还要说明“为什么”。应用性说明文一般只要求说明事物的特征,阐述性说明文则必须揭示出问题的本源和实质。说明文的结构:连贯式、总分式、并列式、递进式、对照式(结构包括段落)。一篇完整的说明文常常是几种结构综合运用的。
这样就涉及到了价值这一概念了。不知道中国人是怎么划定这一界限,反正我是怎么也看不明白。我以为对一件事物的看法就像是读一本书,各有所见。在这方面西方就比中国人先进多了。不能因为你觉得是好的东西就一定是高雅了,现在要是还有人说《红楼梦》高雅,《金瓶梅》低俗,显然这个人是没什么文化品味了。而中学教材编制的些教材内容却是朝着一种表面高尚的步伐迈进,天知道那些内容背后隐藏着怎样不可告人的秘密。
因为个人的品味不同,所以对事物的看法也就不可规限。世上没有绝对衡量一个事物价值的标准,就像世上没有所谓全面发展的人才。那些教条些都是以前老师骗小孩子的玩意,当不了真。人类多半有这种心态大半出自学校,所谓万恶皆始于此。在观点上可能有点偏颇,却也能较大反应它的本质。一个学校在传授学业的同时也同时灌输了一些荒唐的观念和理论。比方说叫你当官,最好是当个大点的\',班长最好,实在不行,做个书记。这就是教育。另外还告诉你们就是学校里开设的课程都是有益的,你踢足球就不行。虽然中国的足球真的不行。看书得看教材,看《挪威的森林》就是另类等等。这样一来人就完了。
我觉得人唯一能做出价值判断的就如王小波说的那样,对公兔子而言,大灰狼是坏的,母兔子是好的。因为这里是直接体现了一种本能的反应。像深层次点的艺术,就很难再判断,只能根据人的个体差异来定夺。不辛的事,这个社会已将一切的安排好了,该怎么走已经由不得自己了。在这里,我想到了鲁迅说的一句话,这世上就是有那么一些动物,好像得了中庸之道,只要跟自己的观念有点出入就说是偏激。
Dear Mary,
You said in your letter that many of your classmates wore fashionableclothes, but you couldn\'t afford them so you felt very depressed. There are dif-ferent views on people\'s clothes. The followings are my ideas:
Firstly, you shouldn\'t put too much emphasis on physical appearance.
Remember that the most important task for you today is to concentrate on yourstudies. No matter what you wear, you will really look your best when youcome out first in your examinations.
Secondly, you should understand that it is a fine virtue to live in fru-gality. Just as a famous saying goes, Frugality is the mother of virtue.
Since your family can\'t provide you with enough money to buy fashionableclothes, it is all the more necessary for you to try to lighten the financialburden of your family. And you will find the virtue of frugality benefit youa lot in your future life.
I hope you understand what I mean. Hope you will take a positive attitudetowards life and will be happy again when you read my letter.
Yours,
Anne
Dear my father and mother,
This letter is my inner feelings. I want to thank both of you for so many years’ care and help.
During my growth, you have made a lot of efforts and love for me. When I make a success, both of you are more excited than me, and support me to do better. Even though I have failed, you always share sorrow with me and encourage me not to give up. Especially, during my preparation for CET-4, the support from you is always everywhere. I have passed the exam successfully.
You love is so unselfish that I am deeply affected, so I will study hard to be a useful person and won’t make you disappointed. Anyway, I would like to express the deep gratitude to you.
With best wishes.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
Dear all,
I am writing this letter to express my gratitude to my parents for teaching me to be positive and to be strong. “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.” is the opinion held by Aristotle. It is the experience of our forefathers, however, it is correct even today, including my parenting.
It is widely acknowledged that parenting, which can also be explained as family education, is of great significance in our character forming and manner acquiring. To be more detailed, setting good examples instead of just giving precepts is the greatest achievement of my parents. They not only taught me to think for the best and prepare for the worst; they taught me how. They not only told me the benefits of being strong in mind; they proved it. All those things require huge amount of time and work, but it’s worth it.
Without my parents’ contribution and education, I would never be who I am now. But most importantly, I would never be more gratitude to them than today.
Yours,
XXX
春天, 万物复苏,小河水哗哗地顺流而下; 活泼机灵的小鸟们在枝头喳喳地纵情歌唱; 小草们神不知鬼不觉地从地下探出了脑袋,大地换上了绿色的新衣; 小野花们争先恐后地展示着自己的美丽; 一棵棵大树好像正在返老还童, 抽出嫩黄色的新芽;。年迈的`凤凰木也紧跟着春天的步伐, 吐出米粒大小的嫩叶, 就像刚出生的婴儿那般娇嫩。
夏天,太阳像一个火炉似地炙烤着地面。凤凰木的叶子早已变成了深绿色,枝条也向四周扩展了许多,变成了一把绿色的大伞。当太阳透过茂密的树叶筛下一束束金光时, 美丽的凤凰花绽开了一张张笑脸,好像给凤凰木披上了红色的霞衣。
秋天,凤凰树的叶子慢慢地变成了金黄色,在微风吹拂下纷纷飘落下来, 给地面铺上了一层厚厚的金色地毯。课间十分钟,我和小伙伴们在凤凰树下尽情地玩耍、嬉闹,甭提有多高兴了。
冬天,刺骨的寒风从耳边呼呼地刮过,古老的凤凰木褪去了繁华,仿佛一个弯着腰、知识渊博的老学者,正在讲述着她一百多年来的沧桑岁月, 并勉励我们克服各种困难、勤奋学习,成为对国家有贡献的人才。
这就是我们百年老校的百年古树---凤凰木。
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