然而必须指出,如果不加思考地一概而论,把家风说成是传统的家庭教育,说成是一家一族世代相传的道德准则和处世方法,则有失偏颇,不可不加以厘清。
实际上,家风就是家庭的风气,它是一个家庭的传统,是一个家庭的文化。如同一个人有气质、一个国家有性格一样,一个家庭在长期的历史过程中,也会形成自己独特的风习。这样一种看不见、摸不着的习气,以一种隐性的形态,存在于特定家庭的日常生活之中,家庭成员的一举手、一投足,无不体现出这样一种习性,这就是家风。所以,家风既是一个家庭或家族长时期历史汰选、传统沉淀的结果,又是一辈又一辈先人生活的结晶,对家中子弟具有熏陶影响、沾溉浸润的意义。
家风作为家庭的文化和传统,表现的是一个家庭的自我和特色,是一个中性的概念,并不必然具有正面的意义,用现今的话说,并不都具有正能量。有的家风可能是勤奋、俭朴、为人忠厚、待人有礼,也有的家风可能是狡诈刻薄、酗酒、忿戾凶横。一所学校、班级的风习我们称之为学风、班风,而学风、班风有好坏之分、高下之别,并不总是值得弘扬。家风同样也有不良的,也并不都是传家宝,即便是在传统社会,被视为传家久、继世长的也只有“耕读”“忠厚”“清廉”这样的一些美好的品质。
作为家庭的文化,家风是附丽于家庭而存在的,只要有家庭,就会有家风。家风并不会因为农村的城市化、大家族被小家庭所取代而丧失。极端地说,“没有家风亦一种家风”。在社会结构和家庭结构都发生了革命性变革的当今,人们感叹“家风”荡然无存,其实是指家庭所秉持的“忠厚传家,诗书继世”这样一些传统内容的沦落,而不是家风本身的消逝。
家风又不同于家规。家规是家庭中的规矩,是家人所必须遵守的规范或法度,是父祖长辈为后代子孙所制定的立身处世、居家治生的原则和教条,它是借助尊长的`权威,加之于子孙的又一重针对性强、目的明确的道德约束,有的甚至具有法律效力。它有家训、家诫、家规、家仪、家教、家法、家约、家矩、家则、家政、家制等名义,有敬祖宗、睦宗族、教子孙、慎婚嫁、务本业、励勤奋、尚节俭等具体而明确的条文,是载诸家谱、可供讽诵学习的有形文本。而家风有别于这样一个家庭世代相传的道德准则和处世方法,它是一个家庭的性格特征和精神气质。通俗地说,我们可以把家规看作是教化家人的教科书,而家风则是经由长期教化后的结果。同时,它一旦形成,也就成为教化的资源,并且具有“润物细无声”的意义。
Dear Dad,
Long time no see, I do miss you. Well, let me tell you something about my life here.To tell the truth, i live a normal life just as anywhere i can live.(我过着一个在任何地方都普通的生活 My life is revolved on work and work.(我的生活除了学习还是学习Frankly,i feel tired sometimes(老实说,我有时候觉得很累.But i see, studying is the whole life to students like me.(但是我知道,学习是像我这样的学生的全部 So no matter how difficult, i will do my utmost .所以不管多艰难,我都会尽自己最大的努力。
Best wishes for you .
When I was a freshman in college I watched the film Gua Sha Treatment for the first time, now I am a junior student and I come back to review the movie from a multicultural aspect, I have many different feelings after watching the film again.
At the beginning of the film, XuDatong is given an award and later he delivers a speech. What makes me impressed most is in his speech he says “one day I will become one of you, a truly successful American, today this award proved that America is a true land of opportunity and I am the living proof of that.” At that moment Xu thinks he has realized his American Dream totally with his lovingly wife and adorable son. However, I think it is ironical that to make a speech like that and I assume it is made on purpose to hind a clue for the story\'s development. How many non—American people have such a beautiful American dream? One of my classmate studies in American now and before he went aboard he told me his American dream is he can stand at the top of the New York. To be honest, I also dream that one day I can get the Green Card living there happily and successfully maybe working at the Wall Street. When Xu gets the award he thinks he entirely melted in the melting pot neglecting the multicultural obstruct, later the plot goes against the way he thinks. And later Quinlan asked Xu\'why you be the scapegoat of your father?\' Xu answers \'because he is Chinese.\' Then maybe Xu knows that there is always a wide gap between Chinese and American cultures.
The second scene is Xu hit his son Denis because Denis hit the son of xu\'s boss, at the middle of the film xu tells his boss that he hit his own son is only to show his respect to his boss John Quinlan, that time Quinlan feels puzzled “what a Chinese logic”,yes, American can never understand such a logic full of Chinese characteristic, because they respect everyone including the children, they won\'t beat a child to please the boss, and there is no such a conception of degree between employee and employer, they feel everyone is equal, which is quite different from china.
Connected to the second scene, the third difference I want to analyze is the care for the children. In America, people pay more attention to the right of children which can be seen from the law—leaving children alone at home is illegal, while in China it is so common that almost everyone may experience such loneliness. And Children Welfare Agency does work in America which shows the importance Americans attach to children\'s right. What\'s more, I remember a line \'No one won the case, especially the child.\' In my opinion, it also manifests the universal concern from the American public to the children.
The fourth aspect is following the procedure, in the film, more than there times, the people focus on the rule, the law, the procedure. At the Christmas Eve Xu wants to return back to his home pretending as a Santa Claus, what a pity, the security recognizes him and persuades \'you are always a good tenement, never causes troubles for me.\' And another scene is at the end of the film , the judge says \'I have to follow the procedure.\' However, in China people always have to ask for a favor to do something, and later you have to pay back the favor,for myself, I prefer the American style, strict to the procedure.
The fifth and the last point is the humors, Quinlan says \'you can\'t fall, your health security is the company paid.\' \'Datong, welcome home, maybe next time, you can come from the front door.\' \'dady, why you come from the window\' \' because we don\'t have a chimney.\' I really adore this distinguished American humor, especially in dangerous situations, which is quite rare in China.
That\'s my whole reaction to Gua Sha Treatment.
通过新作《华尔街之狼》,马丁·斯科塞斯再次让自己站在了舆论的风口浪尖上。这部影片既不会让我们对华尔街的金融黑幕有更多了解,也无意对影片主人公做任何道德评判。重点在于,通过本片,我们既能真正进入贝尔福特的心理世界,也可以更好地看清支撑他走向成功的时代环境。
众所周知,《华尔街之狼》的主人公乔丹·贝尔福特(莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥饰是个活跃于1990年代的华尔街证券经纪人。他曾因经济诈骗和操纵股价等多项罪名在监狱中服刑两年,但与他之前几年里极尽奢靡的生活相比,这样的代价并不算高。影片将绝大部分时间用在表现贝尔福特的迷乱生活上,而在近些年一直严肃正经的斯科塞斯,似乎也在拍摄这些段落时找回了自己久违的活力。躁动不安的摄影机运动,时急时缓的影片节奏,凌厉至极的插叙和闪回,以及鸡血满载的\'旁白叙事与原声音乐,都能让观众在观影时沉浸在贝尔福特放浪形骸的生活氛围中,而斯科塞斯对片中主人公的嬉笑怒骂笔触,则能够令人回想起德国表现主义画家乔治·格罗兹对魏玛时期柏林的腐败夜生活的生动描绘。
然而斯科塞斯为《华尔街之狼》所选取的视觉外观,却与格罗兹疯狂扭曲的表现主义手法截然不同。《华尔街之狼》的布光与构图十分平实规整,这种视觉策略与斯科塞斯对摄影师的更替有关——他没有再次使用自己近些年来最常用的摄影师罗伯特·理查德森,转而选择与曾经为《第25小时》和《逃离德黑兰》等片掌镜的墨西哥摄影师罗德里格·普瑞托进行首次合作。马丁的这种选择符合了影片的深层逻辑:普瑞托的自然主义影调与理查德森追求强对比的画面风格明显不同,这正对应着贝尔福特与泰迪·丹尼尔斯(《禁闭岛》男主人公或霍华德·休斯(《飞行家》男主人公之间的巨大差异。与后两者不同,贝尔福特一直都具备着强烈的自信,即便在面对最疯狂脱线的情形时,他仍然坚信自己在最终能够化险为夷,而事实也确实如此。如果说《飞行家》与《禁闭岛》的强对比影调是基于主人公对周边环境的妄想式感知,那么《华尔街之狼》的平实影调就是根植于贝尔福特对自己环境掌控力的深信不疑。
贝尔福特的自信来自何处?答案很简单,他可以凭借自己的如簧巧舌向他人推销任何商品。在一个商业社会中,他的这种能力足以让他时刻把握赚钱机会,所以即便在他身陷囹圄之时,他仍然相信自己能够东山再起。而将他推向成功的燃料,正是作为消费者的我们对金钱和虚荣的渴望。贝尔福特的过人之处,在于他总能精确地击中他人的软肋。在面对员工时他会提起对方在加入公司之前的贫苦境况,以鞭策员工更卖力地替他工作;在面对客户时他能轻易看穿对方的需求,并对此百般挑逗,直到客户被他榨干为止;在面对商业伙伴时,他明白该怎样满足对方的虚荣心,以便为自己获取最大利益;而在面对前来调查他的联邦特工帕特里克(凯尔·钱德勒饰时,他用寥寥几句话就激起了帕特里克对自己收入水平和社会地位的不满,险些让这个恪尽职守的对手落入自己的圈套。他像一条毒蛇一样不停引诱着人们为他贩卖的价值观买单,更可怕的是,人们往往无法拒绝他开出的条件。
《华尔街之狼》所引发的层层争议,体现的其实正是大众在面对贝尔福特时的矛盾心理。很多舆论与观众都认为斯科塞斯在电影中有美化贝尔福特之嫌,但悖论在于,这些观者之所以能感受到贝尔福特的个人魅力,恰恰是因为他们也在某种程度上被贝尔福特的生活方式所诱惑着。斯科塞斯在接受访谈时提到,他曾因为本片与《好家伙》和《赌城风云》题材相近而犹豫过是否要接手本片,之后他意识到,要想突破两部前作,自己就必须以贝尔福特的视角作为进入影片世界的切入点。既然我们要了解“华尔街之狼”的所思所想,那么我们就不可能避开被他的生活诱惑的风险,而斯科塞斯也没有对贝尔福特作任何的道德评判,他仅仅在尽量真实地呈现着贝尔福特的整个生活,并把最后的判决权留给了观众自己。
在结尾段落中,《华尔街之狼》撕掉了贝尔福特的最后一块遮羞布:为了寻求减刑,他出卖了曾经与他合作过的所有生意伙伴,也丧失了自己仅存的最后一丝信用。讽刺的是,大功告成的特工帕特里克在坐地铁回家的路上会想起贝尔福特对他说过的话,而贝尔福特在出狱后也可以通过传授推销技巧,继续从大众手中取得可观的收入。当贝尔福特在影片终场戏中指导大家该如何卖出一支笔时,台下观众的脸上显现出的依旧是对贝尔福特所代表的名利的饥渴;然而作为电影观众的我们,真的愿意像贝尔福特的无数牺牲品一样为他所推销的价值观买单吗?斯科塞斯仍然箴默不语。一切要由我们自己决定。
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