2.1. 物质过程(Material Process)
通俗来说,物质过程即为“做”的'过程,是外部经验的再现,也是某事被完成的过程。物质过程一般由行为动词,动作者(Actor)和目标(Goal)组成。动作者是行为的发出者,如句子 “She cooks for the children on the stove”中的“she”。而目标含指向性,表示某行为或动作的承受者,如“onetuner and handle 1,000 pianos a year”中的“1000 pianos”。值得注意的是,物质过程并非纯指具体的物理动作,它也可是抽象的,如句子 “ he learned fast”.
2.2 心理过程(Mental Process)
心理过程表达的是人所感,所想,所思等心理活动的过程,一般有两个参与者,一个是心理活动的感觉主体即“感觉者”(senser),另一个是被感知的客体即“现象”(phenomenon)。与物质过程不同的是,心理过程的参与者之一是可感觉,反应和认知的人,如“Tom dislikes her ‘special’ pumpkin pie intensely”中的“Tom”。通过修辞手法被赋予意识和感知功能的物也可作为 “感觉者”,如“it”在句子“it (money) pleasured grandpa to put a few golden Indian heads onhis vest”中的作用。
2.3 关系过程(Relational Process)
关系过程表达的是“是”的关系,即具有某种联系的物,人,情形或事件之间的关系,或指某一物的属性,特点或所处状态等,大致可分为两种模式:修饰型(attributive)和认同型(identifying)。修饰型包含两个参与者,载体(carrier)即含有某种属性的实体,属性(attribute),即对载体的限定功能语法,在例句“one of the wise Men was educational in the highestsense...”中,“one of the wise Men”是载体,“educational”是属性。认同型则包含被认同者(identified)和认同者(identifier),如“The shcoolhouse is a two-room frame buiding”,“the schoolhouse”是被认同者,“a two-room frame building”是认同者。
2.4 行为过程(Behavioral Process)
行为过程指的是各种生理或心理行为,如呼吸,咳嗽,微笑,哭泣,做梦等。行为过程只有一个参与者,通常为人的行为者(behaver),例如“in thecountry he sleeps better at night”,“the pupilssit still at their desks in class”。某些情况下,行为过程与物质和心理过程的界限并不明显,因为行为者作为意识体与感觉者非常相似,而行为者发出的动作类似于物质过程中的“做”。
2.5 言语过程(Verbal Process)
言语过程是通过语言交换信息的过程,广义上来说就是“说”的过程,通常用到的动词有say,tell,talk,praise,describe等,如“he may proclaim his ownvirtue or skill”。言语过程的主要参与者有说话者(sayer),听话者(receiver),以及言语内容(verbiage)。 说话者可以是任何能表达某种信息的物体,并不一定要求具有意识性,如 “the book tells of one soldier who survived”。
2.6 存在过程(Existential Process)
存在过程表达的是某物或人存在的情况,通常只有一个参与者,即存在物(existent)。典型的存在过程如“thereis no supervised play”,或含表存在的动词,exist,remain,come about,happen等等。
In recent years, tourism has been popular and played an important role in our nation’s economic growth. However, I am afraid that if tourism develops over, it will bring harm to the environment and give rise to many problems.
There are a few reasons accounting for my views and I would like to list three of them. One of the examples is that a large number of woods and other plants were replaced by all kinds of accommodation facilities or scenic spots. That definitely breaks the ecological balance of these areas and destroys the natural beauty of the scenic spots. Worse still, more pressure has been placed environment protection in that many tourists left their garbage in the scenic spots. In addition, over-developed tourism will occupy large numbers of farmland and lead to the shortage of the land.
In a word, tourism will be harmful to our environment if it is over development. Thus, I do not advocate that we development tourism without considering the environment. And we should keep the balance between tourism development and environment protection so that we can achieve the sustainable development between our nation’s economy and the environment.
Last year, I went to Guang Zhou in the summer vacation. I felt so excited, it took me about four hours to get there. In the daytime, the air was so stuffy and the sun was so hot, so my friends and I decided to take a rest in the hotel. When the sun almost got down, we started to go on the street, the first thing was to find something to eat. There were so many delicious snacks, we had no idea which to eat, so we planed to eat as much as we could. I found myself couldn’t stop eating, the food was tasted. After we finishing eating, we started to go shopping.Guang Zhou is famous for the foreign trade, its clothes are fashionable and cheap. We went to the shopping street, trying on all kinds of clothes, at last, we bought many clothes. This trip is so unforgettable to me.去年暑假,我去广州旅游。我感到很兴奋,我花了大约四个小时到那里。白天,空气很闷,太阳很大,所以我的朋友和我决定去旅馆休息。当太阳将要下山了,我们开始逛街,第一件事就是找东西吃。街上有很多美味的小吃,我们不知道吃什么好,因此我们计划尽可能多吃。我无法停止下来,食物太美味了。吃完以后,我们开始购物,广州的外贸很出名,衣服时尚,价格便宜。我们去了购物街,试了各种各样的衣服,最后,我们买了很多衣服。这趟旅程对我来说是很难忘的。
The Plan of travelling
Class 1 Grade 7 Xia Zeyu
The Origin:Suzhou Jiangsu China
The whither:Singapore
Date of travelling:From 20xx/10/1 To 20xx/10/7
Prepering:
1、Get the passport:Please go to the Exit mechanism is the residence of the Public Security Bureau, and get the Passport application form. Put your photo on, then give them 200 yuan.
2、Get the visa:Take your passport and your ID card to the Singapore Embassy in China.
Start:
Walk into the Sultan Palace,This is Singapore Aboriginal history, culture of record. Here was used to be a palace. But now, here is a museum.
About the Emerald Hill Road. It’s just like Chinatown. You can take a walk and go shopping here. Walk into the Lstana. It’s the home to the president of Singapore. People can be here five times a year. Here are amazing plants.
Walk into the Singapore River. Its the only one river in the Singapore. People here called it "The River of Lifes".
About the Botanic Gardens and the Merlion Park it maybe a little funny.
And the most importance:
Marina Bay Sands
It was called "The most expensive hotel in the world". This hotel spends 4,000,000,000 pounds. It has a swimming pool. Visitors can enjoy the beauty of the city for the top of the building. You can even enjoy the city while you are swimming. It is three times the length of the Olympic swimming pool length, is the world's largest outdoor swimming pool.
Sentosa:
It was called “The most beautiful island”. If you go there, and you’ll like it.
At last, there’s a picture here.
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