这本书花了我300元。
I spent 300 yuan on the book.
I paid 300 yuan for the book.
The price of the book is 300 yuan.
It cost me 300 yuan to buy the book.
我不懂什么英语,李明也不懂。
I don’t know any English, nor does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, nor does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, neither does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, no more does Li Ming.
I hardly know any English, so it is with Li Ming.
I know no more English than Li Ming does.
I know as little English as Li Ming does.
一到家,我就把所见到的一切都记了下来。
On/Upon arriving home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
As soon as I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
The moment I arrived home, I wrote down everything I had seen.
非谓语动词系列训练(二)
一:在句子意思不变的情况下用分词或不定式改写下列句子:
1.When he saw from the top of the mountain, he viewed a beautiful city.
-----___________from the top of the mountain, he viewed a beautiful city.(用分词
2.When it was seen from the of the mountain, the city looks like a garden. (用分词 ------_____________from the of the mountain, the city looks like a garden. city. (用分词
3.When he was asked why he went there, he said he was sent there to be trained for a space flight.
-------When ________ why he went there, he said he was sent there to be trained for a space flight. (用分词
4. Do you know the boy who knows Japanese?
----- Do you know the boy ___________ Japanese? (用分词
5. Do you know the boy who is called Tom.
---- Do you know the boy ________Tom.- (用分词
6. This is the man who organized the activity.
This is the man________________ the activity. (用分词
7. He followed his students and came in.
------ He came in, ____________ his students(用分词
8. He came in and was followed by his students
----- He came in ,____________by his students(用分词
9.The woman who was dressed in a blue skirt delivered a speech to us.
---- The woman _____________ in a blue skirt delivered a speech to us. (用分词
10. Because he is a physicist, he could well explained how to do the research.
---- _______ a physicist, he could well explained how to do the research. (用分词
11. He was born on the 18th of January, 1979 in Taiwan, and he was raised by his mother and was shy and quiet during his childhood.
----- ____________on the 18th of January, 1979 in Taiwan, and he was raised by his mother and was shy and quiet during his childhood. (用分词
12. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless it is watered every day.
---The flowers his friend gave him will die unless ____________ every day. (用分词
13.When we were walking dogs, we came across a famous professor.
------ When ____________ dogs, we came across a famous professor. (用分词
14. He donated over 10 billion dollars in order that he could sponsor education, culture, sports, and public welfare in the earth-stricken area.
----- He donated over 10 billion dollars _____________education, culture, sports, and public welfare in the earth-stricken area.(用不定式
15 After he had finished his homework, he played the piano.
----- ____________ his homework, he played the piano.
16. After the bridge had been completed, it went through a hard time because of the bad weather.
----______________________, it went through a hard time because of the bad weather.
17 It is said that Bell invented the telephone.
18. Bell is said __________ the telephone. (用不定式
19. I don’t decide what I should do.
I don’t decide what__________(用不定式
20. It happened that he had been invited
---- He happened _____________
21.He was so young that he could not go to school. He was too young __________ to school.
22. When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
----- The test __________, we began our holiday.(用独立主格结构
23. As time goes by ,he becoms aware of it.
With time ________ by, he becomes aware of the significant of it.
24. The moon, which travels round the earth once every month, is a natural satellite of the earth.
---- The moon, ___________ round the earth once every month, is a natural satellite of the earth.
25. Though he had been told several times, he didn’t understand me.
-----_______ several times, he didn’t understand me.
26. After the problem was solved,he took a rest.
----With the problem ____________, he took a rest.
27. If time permits, we will
28.He lay there, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
---He lay there, his hand_______, his eyes looking straight up
29.I once read a book called Man, Woman and Child, which enabled me to understand the love in a family.
------I once read a book called Man, Woman and Child, ______________ me to understand the love in a family. (用分词
30.There are many places of interest, among which is the Yunji mountain,whose scenery is very beautiful, which attracts lots of tourists from different places every year.
------There are many places of interest, among which is the Yunji mountain,whose scenery is very beautiful, ____________ lots of tourists from different places every year. (用分词
二:非谓语动词完成句子练习
there was no doctor available. (only
, playing cards at home or taking a walk in the park? (spend
. (think
包括三名儿童). (child
5. 根据他的话判断), he did well in his exam. (judge
the Tang Dynasty. (date
7. This is an article (由五部分组成)five parts. (consist
five parts.(make
as soon as possible. (solve
bored a lot of fans to death. (concern
, l cannot object to your marriage. (concern
子)at school? (keep)
(躲在木箱里)behind the door. (hide
,we had to walk home last night. (be.
in the broad daylight yesterday. (rob
(满是脚印). (mark
(石油价格上涨), the economy of that country is slowing down. (go
18. When the national flag is being hoisted, all the students stand at attention, . (fix
him, I decided to write again. (hear
20. He doesn’t seem to mind by others. (make
next week is of great importance. (hold
is very important. (hold
is of great importance. (hold
the Third World. (belong
(致力于研究), the professor paid little attention to his surroundings. (devote
in the morning. (come
(为了确保那孩子尽快康复),five doctors took turns looking after him day and night. (ensure
,the old man struggled to his feet. (help
, the parents were taken to the dining room. (show)
(.support)
. (drop)
, I am not familiar with this kill. (tell
(为了不被注意)by others . (notice
三:合并下列句子
1. The annual school sports meeting was held yesterday. It presented a marvelous opening ceremony.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. After the opening ceremony, we sat in the base of our class. We waited patiently for the beginning of the race.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Some of my classmates work very hard, and they hope to fulfill their dream. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4..My friend Christine took part in the 800-meter race. She had received training many times, so she kept calm before the race. After 400 meters, though she looked tired, she still tried her best to run. We screamed and beat the drum when we saw she passed by. She won the medal, and we were proud of it. (把短文中的从句或并列句改成非谓语动词
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
四:语篇填空 用所给动词的适当形式填空。(一)
Freud was one of the first scientists [1]_________(make)serious research of the mind. The mind is the collection of activities [2]_________(base) in the brain that involve how we act, think, feel and reason. He used long talks with patients and the study of dreams [3]___________(search) for the causes of mental and emotional problems. He also tried hypnosis(催眠. He wanted to see if [4]________(put)patients into a sleep-like condition would help ease
[5]________(trouble) minds. In most cases he found the effects only temporary. Freud worked hard, although what he did might sound easy. His method involved [6]________ (sit with his patients and [7]________(listen)to them talk. He had them [8]________(talk)about whatever they were thinking. All ideas, thoughts and anything that entered their mind had to
[9]___________(express). There could be no[10]________(hold)back because of fear or guilt. 基础写作 :最近,你就读的学校——广东实验中学高中部将举办开放日。 你将作为学校的
学生代表向前来参观的英语老师介绍高中校区的基本情况,请准备好你的解说词,文章的开头和结尾已为你写好。(学会用非谓语动词表达)
?位置交通:位于广州市西部,荔湾区;出行便利,步行到地铁站约10分钟。 ?学校历史:逾120年的悠久历史;现高中校区于2004年 竣工并投入使用。 ?校园环境:占地面积约125,000平方米;植物繁茂,绿树成荫,环境优美。 ?校园设施:课室宽敞明亮,配备齐全;拥有标准运动 设施,
其中综合体育馆可用于举办比赛、会议和典礼。
?师生情况:目前学生约3000人,教师约200人;全体师生正在
为学校更美好的明天共同奋斗。
?【写作要求】
?只能用5个句子表达全部内容。?【评分标准】 ?句子结构准确,信息内容完整,篇章结构连贯。
Good morning, teachers! Welcome to Guangdong Experimental High School!.....
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
非谓语动词练习答案
1.Seeing 2.Seen (原句有误,请改成When it was seen from the top of the mountain,the city is beautiful (用分词 3. asked 4. knowing 5. called 6. organizing 7. following 8. followed 9. dressed 10. Being 11. Born 12. watered 13. walking 14. to sponsor 15. Having finished 16. Having been completed 17 18.. to have invented
19.to do 20. to have been invited 21. to go 22 finished 23. going 24. travelling 25. Having been toldTold 26. solved 27.permitting 28. clenched 29.enabling 30. attracting
二:非谓语动词完成句子练习
Keys:
1. only to be told (that 2. to spend your spare/free time
3. thinking about 4. including three children/ three children included
5. Judging from / by his words/what he said
6. dating back to/from (which dates back to/from
7. consisting of / which consists of
8. made up of/which is made up of 9. to solve the problem
10. concerning the football match 11. As/So far as I am concerned
12. (in keeping five children 13. hidden in a wooden box
14. There being no bus 15. to have been robbed
16. Seen from the top of 17. Seeing from the top of
18. To see 19. marked with footprints
20. the price of oil going up 21. fixed on/upon the national flag
22. with (both his hands tied 23. Not having heard from
24. (his being made fun of 25. to be held
第三次课: 分词在句子中的用法
教学目标: 使学生初步了解及在句子使用分词
教学内容:
一、 动名词及不定式作业讲解
二、分词
现在分词和过去分词两种。
作为谓语,现在分词和be 一起构成进行时;过去分词和be一起构成被动语态,和have一起构成完成时。
例如:
I am reading a novel by Maupassant. 我正在看一本莫泊桑写的小说。(现在分词和be 一起表示主语正在进行的动作。)
Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already. 鲁宾逊先生已经喝了五杯酒了。(过去分词和have 一起表示主语已经完成的动作。)
The gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now. 金鱼缸刚才被小陶打破了。(过去分词和be 一起表示主语是动作的承受者。)
作为非谓语形式,分词可用作形容词和副词,在句子中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语构成分词短语。 现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态;它的完成式(having + 过去分词)表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。
现在分词有主动语态和被动语态(being + 过去分词。
过去分词只有一般式,表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。过去分词(及物动词)本身可以表示被动的含义,因而没有别的被动形式。
例如:
Having failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. 他失败了三次,不想再干了。(having failed 表示发生在前的动作)
Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man’s foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe? 克鲁索沿着沙滩走的时候,看见沙上有人的脚印。(walking 表示同时发生的动作)
The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important. 正在讨论的问题似乎很重要。
The old days are gone. 旧时代一去不复返了。(gone 表示完成的状态)
I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理发了。(cut 是及物动词的过去分词,表示“被人理发”。) 分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上not, never等否定词构成。
例如:
Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩儿不知道怕火,用手去摸,把手指烫了。
Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. 我不知道怎样找到地铁,就去找警察帮忙。
(一)现在分词和过去分词的区别
(1)在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思,表示它所修饰的人或物的行为;及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思,表示它所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。换言之,现在分词是它修饰
的成分所作出的动作,过去分词是它修饰的成分所承受的动作。
例如:
convincing facts 有说服力的事实 / convinced audience 被说服了的听众
the exploiting class 剥削阶级 / the exploited class被剥削阶级
a frightening dog一条让人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog一条被吓坏了的狗
driving gears主动齿轮 / driven gears从动齿轮
(2)在时间上,现在分词往往表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作已完成。
例如:
the rising sun (正在升起的太阳 / the risen sun(升起的太阳)
the falling rain(正在下的雨)/ the fallen leaves(落下的树叶)
stolen money(被盗的钱/偷来的钱)/ill-gotten wealth(不义之财)
a high-flying kite(高飞的风筝)
再看一些例子:
boiling water 沸腾的水/boiled water 开水/developing countries 发展中国家/developed countries 发达国家/an exciting story 令人激动的故事/ excited people 激动的人们
(2)在时间上,现在分词往往表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作已完成。
再看一些例子:
surprising news令人惊讶的消息/a surprised man受惊吓的人/an inspiring leader具有号召力的领袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighted speech令人高兴的演说/the delighted audience(感到高兴的听众/a moving film动人的电影/the moved children受到感到的孩子们/a box containing tea装茶叶的盒子/the tea contained in a box装在盒里的茶叶/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪
(3)做表语时的不同。现在分词做表语表示主语所具有的特征,意思是“令人如何”。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态,意思是“感到如何”。
例如:
His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。
We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我们听到那消息吃了一惊。那消息令人吃惊。
The situation is encouraging。 We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我们感到鼓舞。
常用的还有:amusing/amused,astonishing/astonished,disappointing/disappointed,exciting/excited,frightening/frightened,interesting interested,moving/moved, relaxing/relaxed,satisfying/satisfied,shocking/shocked,surprising/surprised,terrifying/terrified,tiring/tired,worrying/worried等等。
(4)做状语的区别,分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。现在分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主动的。而过去分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生、意思是被动的。
例如:
Seeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note。看到没人在家,她决定给他们留个条。(主动意义,几乎同时
The secretary worked late into the night,preparing a speech for the president。秘书工作到晚上很晚,给总统准备一篇演说。(主动意义,同时
Tired of the noise,he closed the window。对噪音感到厌烦,所以他把窗户关上。(被动意义,
在谓语之前
Deeply moved,she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感动,再三谢我。(被动意义,在谓语之前
Persuade by my mother,she gladly went there alone。在我母亲劝说下,她才高兴地独自去那里。(被动意义,在谓语之前
如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生,现在分词要用完成形式,但意思仍然是主动的。 例如:
Having watered the vegetables,they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had watered the vegetables,they began to pick up the apples。他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘苹果。 Having finished the work,he packed his tools and left。完工后,他收拾起工具走了。 分词做状语时,前面可用连词或介词。
例如:
After eating my dinner quickly,I went to see Jim off。我赶快吃过晚饭就去给吉姆送行。 Though built before the Second World War,the engine is still in good condition。尽管是在二战以前建的,这引擎仍然处于良好状态。
Unless paying by credit card,please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款,请用现金付。 Tom will never do this unless compelled。汤姆永远也不会干这种事,除非被逼无奈。 She’s been quite different since coming back from America。从美国回来后,她大变了。
(二)用法
1.作定语。作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。如果被修饰的词是something,anything,everything,nothing等,则分词放在这些词之后。分词短语通常放在被修饰的名词之后。
例如:
This is an interesting book。(=This is a book。It is interesting。这是一本有趣的书。
There is something interesting in the news。(=There is something in the news。 It is interesting。消息中有些有趣的事。
The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。(=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher。靠窗户坐着的那个人是我们的数学老师
The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。(=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。那位老工人开的机器是上海造的。
Most of students singing were girls。(=Most of the students who were singing?唱歌的学生多数是女生。
Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。(=Many of the villagers who were questioned?被问的许多村里人都拒绝。
注意:(1)分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别:
分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓关系。动名词则没有这种关系,而表示它所修饰的词的用途或有关动作。
现在分词 动名词
A sleeping child(a child who is sleeping正在睡觉的孩子 A sleeping car(a car for sleeping卧车
A flying bird(a bird that is flying飞鸟 A flying course(a course for flying飞行课程
A swimming girl(a girl who is swimming游泳的女孩 A swimming pool(a pool for swimming游泳池
The running water(the water that is running流水 The running track(the track for running跑道 现在分词和它所修饰的名词都要重读,动名词所修饰的名词则不必重读。
(2)现在分词作定语时,它表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生(或差不多同时发生。
例如:
Who is the boy dancing over there?在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀?
The girls swimming in the sea were in danger。 在海里游泳的姑娘们有危险。
如果两个动作在时间上有先后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而往往用主从复合句结构。 例如:
The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again。到上海去的那个人会回来的。
The teacher wants to talk to the students who smashed the windows。老师要找打破了窗子的那个学生谈话。
(3)be的现在分词being不能用作定语(可用作状语或被动语态中的助动词。表示这种概念时,也用主从复合句结构。
例如:
He has a brother who is a worker。他有一个当工人的兄弟。
2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。
例如:
Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,They stood up。学生们看见老师走进房间,都站了起来。 (时间
Heated,the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。金属受热而膨胀。(条件、时间
Being excited,I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ,I couldn’t go to sleep。我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因
Being a student,he was interested in sports。(=As he was a student,he was interested in sports。 他是个学生,所以对体育运动感兴趣。(原因
Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech,Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech,Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞,决定更加努力学习物理。 (原因 The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式
The professor stood there,surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。教授站在那里,许多学生围着他。(行为方式
While reading the newspaper,father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper,father nodded from time to time。看报时,父亲不时地点头。(时间(分词前,可加表示时间的连词while或when。
3、作宾语补足语。
例如:
Can you get the machine going again?你能使机器再动起来吗?
You should have your hair cut。你该理发了。
I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看见他来了。
4、作表语。
例如:
The film is very moving。这部影片很感人。
Your homework is well done。你的作业做得好。
The visitors looked surprised.参观者看上去很惊讶。
The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。
5、作句子独立成分(分词有自己的逻辑主语时,称为独立主格结构。)
例如:
Flags flying,the army men marched in the streets。旗帜飘扬,军队在街上行进。
All his ribs broken,he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折断,半死不活地躺着。
分词(短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致,必须用独立主格结构来表示,也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。
My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间,解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。(现在分词explaining是句子主语my wife做的动作,它们之间是主动关系
Given more attention,the trees could have grown better。如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词given表示的动作是句子主语the trees承受的动作,它们之间是被动关系
We explored the caves,Peter acting as guide。我们到那山洞探险,彼得做向导。 (独立主格 The train having gone,we had to wait another day。分词短语做状语时,前面可以加上连词或介词,但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but,and,因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分,而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。
例如:
误:Having been told many times,but he still couldn’t understand it。
正:He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。
注意:(1)分词作状语时,逻辑主语即句子的主语;否则要用从句或独立主格结构来表示。 例如:
Looking out of the window,I saw lots of people there。(=When I looked out of the window,I saw lots of people there。
我往窗外一看,看见那儿有许多人。 (looking out of the window的逻辑主语,就是句子的主语I。
(2)在see,hear,watch,notice等动词后,用动词不定式作宾语补语,通常表示(强调动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语,则通常表示动作正在进行。 例如:
We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我们坐了两个小时,看老师做实验。(两小时一直在看老师做实验
We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我们走过教室,看见老师在做实验。(只是在走过教宰的一刹那间,看见老师正存做实验
I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back。我看见他走进房间,打开抽屉,拿出一份文件,拍了照又放回去(表示一个接一个的一系列动作的全过程时,用动词不定式。
严冬时节,鹅毛一样的大雪片在天空中到处飞舞着,有一个王后坐在王宫里的一扇窗子边,正在为她的女儿做针线活儿,寒风卷着雪片飘进了窗子,乌木窗台上飘落了不少雪花。
白雪公主-公主童话故事。她抬头向窗外望去,一不留神,针刺进了她的手指,红红的鲜血从针口流了出来,有三点血滴落在飘进窗子的雪花上。她若有所思地凝视着点缀在白雪上 的鲜红血滴,又看了看乌木窗台,说道:“但愿我小女儿的皮肤长得白里透红,看起来就像这洁白的雪和鲜红的血一样,那么艳丽,那么骄嫩,头发长得就像这窗子 的乌木一般又黑又亮!”
她的小女儿渐渐长大了,小姑娘长得水灵灵的,真是人见人爱,美丽动人。她的皮肤真的就像雪一样的白嫩,又透着血一样的红润,头发像乌木一样的黑亮。所以王后给她取了个名字,叫白雪公主。但白雪公主还没有长大,她的王后妈妈就死去了。
不久,国王爸爸又娶了一个妻子。这个王后长得非常漂亮,但她很骄傲自负,嫉妒心极强,只要听说有人比她漂亮,她都不能忍受。她有一块魔镜,她经常走到镜子面前自我欣赏,并问道:“告诉我,镜子,告诉我实话!这儿所有的女人谁最漂亮?告诉我她是谁?”
镜子回答道:“是你,王后!你就是这儿最漂亮的女人。”
听到这样的话,她就会满意地笑起来。但白雪公主慢慢地长大,并出落得越来越标致漂亮了。到了七岁时,她长得比明媚的春光还要艳丽夺目,比王后更美丽动人。 直到有一天,王后像往常一样地去问那面魔镜时,镜子作出了这样的回答:“王后,你是美丽漂亮的,但是白雪公主要比你更加漂亮!”
她听到了这话,心里充满了愤怒和妒忌,脸也变得苍白起来。她叫来了一名仆人对他说:“给我把白雪公主抓到大森林里去,我再也不希望看到她了。”
仆人把白雪公主带走了。在森林里他正要动手***死她时,她哭泣着哀求他不要***害她。面对楚楚动人的可怜小公主的哀求,仆人的同情之心油然而生,他说道:“你是一个人见人爱的孩子,我不会***害你。”
这样,他把她单独留在了森林里。当仆人决定不再***害白雪公主,而把她留在那儿时,尽管他知道在那荒无人际的大森林里,她十有八九会被野兽撕成碎片,但想到他不必亲手***害她,他就觉得压在心上的'一块沉重的大石头落了下来。
仆人走了以后,白雪公主一个人非常害怕,她在森林里到处徘徊,寻找出去的路。野兽在她身旁吼叫,但却没有一个去伤害她。到了晚上,她来到了一间小房子跟前。当她确定这间房子没有人时,就推门走进去想休息一下,因为她已经实在走不动了。
一进门,她就发现房子里的一切都布置得井井有条,十分整洁干净。一张桌子上铺着白布,上面摆放着七个小盘子,每个盘子里都装有一块面包和其它一些吃的东西,盘子旁边依次放着七个装满葡萄酒的玻璃杯,七把刀子和叉子等,靠墙还并排放着七张小床。
此时她感到又饿又渴,也顾不得这是谁的了,走上前去从每块面包上切了一小块吃了,又把每只玻璃杯里的酒喝了一点点。吃过喝过之后,她觉得非常疲倦,想躺下 休息休息,于是来到那些床前,七张床的每一张她几乎都试过了,不是这一张太长,就是那一张太短,直到试了第七张床才合适。她在上面躺下来,很快就睡着了。
不久,房子的主人们回来了,他们是七个在山里开矿采金子的小矮人。他们点亮七盏灯,马上发现有人动过房子里的东西。
第一个问:“谁坐过我的凳子?”
第二个问:“谁吃过我盘子里的东西?”
第三个问:“谁吃过我的面包?”
第四个问:“谁动了我的调羹?”
第五个问:“谁用过我的叉子?”
第六个问:“谁用过我的小刀?”
第七个问:“谁喝过我的葡萄酒?”
第一个接着向四周瞧,走到床前,叫道:“是谁在我的床上睡过?”其余的一听都跑过来,紧跟着他们也都叫了起来,因为他们都看得出有人在他们的床上躺过。第 七个矮人一看他的床上正睡着的白雪公主,立刻把他的兄弟们都叫了过来,他们拿来灯,仔细照着白雪公主看了好一阵子,惊奇地感叹道:“我的天哪,她是一个多 么可爱的孩子呀!”他们欣喜而又爱怜地看着她,生怕将她吵醒了。
晚上,第七个小矮人轮着和其他的几个小矮人每人睡一个小时,度过了这个夜晚。
第二天早上,白雪公主醒来后见有七个小矮人围着她,吓了一大跳,但他们非常和气地问她说:“你叫什么名字?”
看着他们那善良朴实的面孔和热情的目光,她回答说:“我叫白雪公主。”
小矮人们又问:“你是怎样到我们家里来的?”
于是,白雪公主向他们讲述了自己的全部经历。他们听了非常同情,说道:“如果你愿意为我们收拾房子、做饭、洗衣服、纺线、缝补衣裳,你可以留在这儿,我们会尽心照料你的。”
白雪公主很乐意地说: “好的,我非常愿意。”
这样,七个小矮人每天到山里寻找金子和银子,白雪公主则待在家里干些家务活。他们告诫她说:“王后不久就会找出你在哪儿的,你千万不要让任何人进屋来。”
那个仆人回来复命后,王后以为白雪公主已经死了,这下,她一定是全国最漂亮的女人了,她走到魔镜面前说:“告诉我,镜子,告诉我实话!全国所有的女人谁最漂亮?告诉我她是谁?”
镜子回答说:“是你,王后!你是这块地方最漂亮的女人,但是在山的那一边,在那绿色的树荫下,有七个小矮人建造的小房屋,白雪公主就躲藏在那里,哎呀,王后!她比你更漂亮。”
王后听了大吃一惊,因为她知道这面镜子是从不说假话的,一定是那仆人蒙骗了她,她决不能容忍有任何比她更漂亮的人活在这个世上。所以,她把自己装扮成一个卖杂货的老太婆,翻山越岭来到了那七个小矮人的住处。她敲着门喊道:“卖杂货,多好的杂货呀!”
白雪公主从窗户往外看去,说道:“老人家,你好!你卖的是什么啊?”
她回答道:“好东西,好漂亮的东西,有各种颜色的带子和线筒。”
白雪公主暗想:“这老太婆,好像并不是那种坏人,就让她进来吧。”想到这里,她跑过去打开门,
老太婆进来后说道:“哎呀!看你的胸带多差呀,来吧,让我给你系上一根漂亮的新带子。”
白雪公主做梦也没想到这会有危险,所以她走上前去站在了老太婆的面前。老太婆很熟练地将带子给她系在胸前,系着系着,突然,她猛地用力将带子拉紧,白雪公主便被勒得透不过气来,很快失去知觉倒在了地上,就像死去了一样。
看到她的样子,恶毒的王后说道:“这下你的美丽该结束了吧!”说完放心地走了。
晚上,七个小矮人回来了,当他们看到他们诚实可爱的白雪公主躺在地上一动不动,就像死了一样时,他们的心马上缩紧了,急忙上前将她抬了起来,他们马上剪断了带子。
过了一会儿,白雪公主慢慢地开始呼吸了,不久她又活了过来。听她讲完事情的经过后,他们说道:“那个老太婆就是王后,下次你要当心,在我们离开后,千万不要让任何人进来。”
王后一回到家里,就迫不急待地径直走到魔镜面前,像往常一样对着镜子说话。但令她吃惊的是镜子的回答仍然是这样的:“是你,王后!你是这块地方最漂亮的女 人,但是在山的那一边,在那绿色的树荫下,有七个小矮人建造的小房屋,白雪公主就躲在那里,哎呀,王后!她比你更漂亮。”
知道白雪公主仍然活着,恼怒与怨恨使王后浑身血气翻涌,心里却凉透了。她不甘心,不能忍受,于是又对自己进行打扮,这次的伪装尽管还是一个老太婆,但却完全不同于上次。伪装好后,她带上一把有毒的梳子,翻山越岭来到了七个小矮人的房门前,敲着门喊道:“买不买东西哟!”
白雪公主在里面听到了,把门握开一条缝说道:“我可不敢让别人进来了。”
王后连忙说道:“你只要看看我这把漂亮的梳子就行了。”说完把那把有毒的梳子递了进去。
梳子看起来的确很漂亮,白雪公主拿过梳子,想在头上试着梳一梳,但就在梳子刚碰到她的头时,梳子上的毒力发作了,她倒在地上,失去了知觉。
王后冷笑着说道:“你早该这样躺着了。”说完就走了。
幸运的是这天晚上,小矮人们回来得很早,当他们看见白雪公主躺在地上时,知道一定又发生了不幸的事情,急忙将她抱起来查看,很快就发现了那把有毒的梳子。 他们将它拔了出来,不久,白雪公主恢复了知觉,醒了过来。接着,她把事情发生的经过告诉了他们,七个小矮人再次告诫她,任何人来了都不要再开门。
此刻,王后已回到王宫,站在了魔镜前,询问着镜子,但听到的竟还是和上次相同的回答。这下,她气得浑身都哆嗦起来了,她无法忍受这样的回答,狂叫道:“白雪公主一定要死,即使以我的生命为代价也在所不惜!”
她悄悄地走进一间偏僻的房子里,精心制做了一个毒苹果。这苹果的外面看起来红红的,非常诱人,但只要吃一点就会要人的命。接着,她将自己装扮成一个农妇,翻山越岭又来到了小矮人的房舍,伸手敲了敲门。
白雪公主把头从窗户里探出来说道:“我不敢让人进来,因为小矮人们告诫我,任何人来了都不要开门。”
“就随你吧,”老农妇拿出那个毒苹果说道,“可是这苹果实在是太漂亮可爱了,我就作一个礼物送给你吧。”
白雪公主说道:“不,我可不敢要。”
老农妇急了:“你这傻孩子,你担心什么?难道这苹果有毒吗?来!你吃一半,我吃一半。”
说完就将苹果分成了两半。其实,王后在做毒苹果时,只在苹果的一边下了毒,另一边却是好的。白雪公主看了看那苹果,很想尝一尝,因为那苹果看起来很甜美。她看见那农妇吃了那一半,就再也忍不住了,接过另一半苹果咬了一口。苹果刚一进口,她就倒在地上死去了。
王后一见,脸上露出了快意的狞笑,说道:“这次再没有人能救你的命了!”
她回到王宫,来到魔镜前,问道:“告诉我,镜子,告诉我实话!全国所有的女人谁最漂亮?告诉我她是谁?”
镜子回答道:“是你,王后!你就是全国最漂亮的女人。”
听到这句话,王后的嫉妒心才安定下来,感到十分愉快和幸福。
夜幕降临时,小矮人都回到了家里,他们发现白雪公主躺在地上,嘴里没有了呼吸。他们不相信她真的死了,将她抱了起来,给她梳头发,用酒和水为她洗脸,但一 切都是徒劳的,因为小姑娘看来已真的死了。他们极为伤心地将她放在棺木上,七个小矮人坐在旁边守着。他们悲痛欲绝,整整守了三天三夜。
最后他们绝望了,准备将她入土掩埋,但看到白雪公主的脸色红润依旧,栩栩如生,他们说:“我们不能把她埋在阴冷黑暗的地下。”
所以,他们做了一口从外面也能看见她的玻璃棺材把她放了进去,棺材上用金子嵌着白雪公主的名字及铭文。小矮人们将棺材安放在一座小山上面,由一个小矮人永远坐在旁边看守。天空中飞来不少鸟儿,首先是一只猫头鹰,接着是一只渡鸦,最后飞来的是一只鸽子,它们都来为白雪公主的死而痛哭。
白雪公主就这样一直被安放在小山上,过了很久很久,她的样子看起来仍然像是在那儿安睡,皮肤仍然如雪一样的白嫩,脸色仍然透着血一般的红润,头发仍然如乌木一样又黑又亮。
直到有一天,一个王子来到了小矮人的房子前,拜访了七个小矮人。在小山上,他看到了白雪公主及棺材上的铭文,心里非常激动,一刻也不能平静。他对小矮人说要付给他们金钱,求他们让他把白雪公主和棺材带走。
但小矮人说:“就是用世界上所有的金子来换,我们也不会同意让她离我们而去的。”
王子不停地恳求,甚至哀求。看到他如此真心诚意,他们终于被他的虔诚所感动,同意让他把棺材带走。但就在他叫人把棺材抬起准备回家时,棺材被撞了一下,那块毒苹果突然从她嘴里吐了出来,白雪公主马上醒了。她茫然问道:“我这是在哪儿呀?”
王子回答说:“你好端端地与我在一块儿。”接着,把发生的一切都告诉了她,最后说道:“我爱你胜过爱世界上的一切,走吧!与我到我父亲的王宫去,我将娶你做我的妻子。”
白雪公主同意了,并与王子一同回了家。在将一切准备好,将王宫装饰得富丽堂皇后,他们就要举行婚礼了,他们邀请了许多客人来参加婚礼。
在他们邀请的客人当中,其中就有白雪公主的继母王后,她将自己打扮得富贵典雅,对着魔镜说道:“告诉我,镜子,告诉我实话!全国所有的女人谁最漂亮?告诉我她是谁?”
镜子回答说:“是你,我想这儿是你最漂亮,但是王子的新娘比你漂亮得多。”
听到这些话,她又勃然大怒起来,但又无可奈何。嫉妒心与好奇心使她决定去看看这位新娘。当她到达举行婚礼的地方,才知道这新娘不是别人,正是她认为已经死去很久的白雪公主。看到白雪公主,她气得昏了过去,自此便一病不起,不久就在嫉妒、愤恨与痛苦的自我煎熬中死去了。
白雪公主和王子结婚后,美满的生活充满了欢乐和幸福,他们一辈子都快快乐乐地在一起。
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一简述
1. 当过去分词在句末时,不管有无逗号,都是就近修饰名词;
2.现在分词在句末时,无逗号是就近修饰的名词的定语;
3.当现在分词在句尾且前有逗号时,修饰邻近句子的'主语,做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果.因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词. 所以OG127说C选项:"the phrasehaving been assigned...is uncertain in reference,making the sentence unclear."-->就是说这个现在分词本来是应该修饰前面的employee的,却变成了修饰主语governments了. (另外在GMAT里,having been done的用法错误,应直接用done
避免上述错误的方法:所修饰的名词在句尾用定语从句修饰--OG127正确选项B (而不用加逗号的现在分词修饰.其实分词是定语从句的省略形式,在句中无逗号分词(注意是无逗号的,有逗号的在句中有歧义就比定语从句简洁还有 OG120也是同样道理:修饰句尾名词,正确选项A用定语从句.E选项的句尾现在分词错误.
4.当现在/过去分词在句中且前没有逗号,修饰前面紧邻名词;
5.当现在/过去分词在句中且前后都有逗号,有歧义:1修饰前面紧邻的名词,2向后修饰后面句子的主语.
这种结构在GMAT肯定错,如果修饰某句主语,则避免将该分词置于以名词结尾的句后.避免方式:1用定语从句/介词短语明确修饰对象.2可将分词提到句首,所修饰主语及所在句子紧跟其后-->形成句首分词修饰句子主语.见OG179
6.在前面有多个名词如名词1+介词+名词2结构,而要用分词修饰名词1时,为避免歧义要重复名词1即用同位语结构:名词1+介词+名词2,名词1+分词.见OG208
二.
1、doing/done,SVO 注意分词的逻辑主语与S一致
2、介词/连词+doing/done,SVO 也要注意分词逻辑主语与S一致
3、S,doing/done,V 分词作定语修饰主语(前后一对逗号隔开,相当于定语从句)
注意:如果出现: “名词,doing,名词”,则会有分词前后的修饰歧义,如179DE,245E
4、SVO doing 分词作定语修饰主语,如 96AC,121C,146E,222A,234B,237E
5、SVO,doing
A、分词优先作状语
1)修饰主语(与分词在句首一样,注意逻辑主语),如 33B,39C,44B,120E,163D,256B
2)修饰主句动作,如 78BD,119B,154A,259A
B、其次作定语,但没有定语从句清晰,会有修饰歧义,如 253DE,(“,including”除外 249)
6、SVO done 分词作定语修饰O(同4)
7、SVO,done
A、分词作状语修饰S,如 大全558
B、分词作定语修饰O,如 127A(分词相当于形容词 253A)
some people base on sth是绝对错误的。但是有sb. base sth. on sth.的用法. 三.
1.SVO+doing,无逗号的情况下doing是针对宾语的动作,96AC(OG says : assuring针对主语有问题,121C,146E,222A(OG says: enabling很好的修饰了宾语,234B,237E -------以上证明了ets的偏好,svo+doing修饰主语是模糊的,修饰宾语是清晰的
2.SVO, doing有逗号,33B,39C(Og says:protecting很好的
解释了主语的行为,44B,120E(Og says:错误选项有可能混淆的指代主语而不是逻辑上正确的宾语,163D(Og says:sleeping正确的修饰了主语,256B --------以上证明了在Og中svo,doing的doing多指代主语
3.svo,doing有逗号,78BD(doing指代了前面整个句子的行为,119B(同前,154A(*,259A(同前------------以上证明了Og中svo,doing的doing多指代前面的整个句子
四.例子
产生participle phrases原点是为了to reduce wordiness by replacing longer adverbial or relative clauses,另外要强调的重要讯息不会写成participle phrases,因为分词修饰语属于次等地位(The
modifier is subordinate to the main clause。也就是说A….and B…(A与B一样重要,如果A…V..,B...Ving (就重要性而言A>B
简单一句:分词构句是主要句子的意义延伸。
目前我看到有几种句意:
1. 因果(★★★★★
2. 补述:解释某事(★★★、描述状态并列或伴随(★★、纯举例
participle
phrases如此具困扰性是因为可以改写的来源多
1.由adj. clauses (如who, which开头可改写成分词词组。考题中可分形容词子句限制性、非限制性改分词的考法。
2. 副词子句(有连接词开头的也可改分词词组,所以有因果关系或时间关系,单纯就时间关系看,可以有先后或同时,会有动作是伴随或是并列关系。
3.当三个以上的动词用and相连时,后面的部分也改写成分词(V, Ving... and Ving...。
我看过的说法中,觉得Manhatan GMAT备考网站,里面指导员所讲的分词概念不错,但是他的目的在卖书,所以讲的真的不多。
1.当分词构句放句首,修饰后面句子的主词。前几天看到有人发帖的整理,讲到分词在句首,表示此动作先于主要句子的动作,讲的真好。
2.当分词构句不放在句首时:
if
there's NO COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adjective phrase that modifies the noun immediately
preceding.
if
there's a COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adverb phrase that modifies the action of the preceding
clause.
PS:逗号的产生可能是插入语,遇到插入语可以跳过不看,不代表分词修饰这个插入语。
判断上抓前句的动词与主词,如果用中文想就是「此主体这个动作的行为导致或表示.....」(to modify the action of。而且不可以只有思考主词或动词。 如果遇到前句有数个动词,以找最近的动词为主,譬如V1 to V2,分词构句修饰V2
3.
participle (V-ing after the comma can not modify the subject of the preceding clause's
noun.
這個考「什么情况下不可以改成分词构句?」除了需要有对等连接词的句子,不可改分词构句,因为句意重要性会被改变外,
打逗号的Ving分词,无法修饰逗号之前的名词,所以非限制的形容词子句最好不要改分词Ving构句(有7個考題,但是Ved分词例外(有两个考题。
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