即在文章的第一段开篇点题,或点明题目,或点及中心,不拖泥带水,不转弯抹角,而是简洁明快、单刀直人,但要注意字数不宜过多。
例:孩子们会长大的!(刘异韬《宛若孩童》)
例:我与父亲不相见已二年余,我最不能忘记的是他的背影。(朱自清《背影》)
1、开门见山式
这是议论文最常用的一种开头方式。就是开篇就将文章的中心论点摆出来,然后再逐层展开论证,不蔓不枝,主旨豁然明朗。如:《谈骨气》“我们中国人是有骨气的。”一句话单刀直入,开门见山,表明中心论点,简洁明了。采用开门见山式开头应注意的问题:写作前要经过认真的思考,提炼出能够引领全文主题内容的开头;这种开头语言要非常精练,简洁明了,有一种能使阅卷老师一望便知全文重点的效果。
例:诚实守信,是我们中华民族的优良传统。千百年来,人们讲求诚信,推崇诚信。诚信之风质朴醇厚,历史越悠久,诚信之气越充盈中华,诚信之光越普照华夏。诚信早已融入我们民族文化的血液,成为文化基因中不可或缺的重要一环。(《诚信》
2、释题入篇式
释题入篇法,就是在文章开头,就对标题或相关概念的含义加以解释和阐发,表明自己的观点。这样开篇,鲜明而简洁,且有时能较鲜明的展示作者的思考深度。
例:感恩是一种处世哲学,一种生活态度,一种优秀品质,也是一种道德情操。(《谈感恩》)
3、比喻生辉式
用浅显常见的事物对深奥的道理加以说明,使道理深入浅出。可使说理变平淡为生动,化抽象为具体,增强说理的形象性和灵动性,增强理的感染力。
例1、自负,像一个泥潭,陷进去就难以自拔;自卑,像一根受了潮的火柴,难以把希望之火点燃。所以,我们既不能自负,也不能自卑。(《自负与自卑》)
例2、微笑,恰如淌过的溪流,柔和恬静;微笑,恰似那悬挂的一刀新月,皎洁光亮;微笑,又恰似那挺拔的苍松,积蓄着万般力量……如果说,有一种力量可以让人坚忍不拔,那便是微笑的力量;如果说,有一种力量可以让人自信满满,那便是微笑的力量;如果说,有一种力量可以让人心头一暖,那便是微笑的'力量!(《这也是一种力量》)
4、排比点题式
排比手法的运用可达到彰显气势 炫示文采的效果,但要注意紧扣题旨,不能为排比而排比,为文采而文采,以致以辞害义;同时更要注意分句间的逻辑层次,否则开头就会显得杂乱无章。
例1:科学家的意气,让他们登上学术的高峰;工人的意气,让他们不畏艰苦的条件;学生的意气,让我们拥有勃勃的精神。意气当它代表人类坚韧的意志和宽广的气概时,是自古不变的美德,是永远经典的操守!(《谈意气》)
例2:如果说雏鹰腾飞苍穹要经历风雨的打击,那么,那搏击长空的意气就是它那犀利的双眼;如果说骏马奔驰于旷野要经历千万里奔跑的锤炼,那么,那奔腾万里为夙愿的意气就是助其翻越千山万水的铁蹄。人,欲傲立于世,成为一代雄主,立一世伟业,那舍我其谁、勇战万方的意气就是其成功的基石。(《谈意气》)
5、引用名言式
引用名言可达到言约意丰,加深主题的效果。但当你所引用的名言表面上看似与中心论点没有多大关联的时候,一定要在所引用的名言与论点之间加上过渡语(看例6)。同时还得注意所引用的名言一定要准确真实。引用法引用的内容是很丰富的,除了引用名言警句以增强论证效果、突出主题外,还可引用古语、谚语、、歌词、广告词等等。这就要求我们有丰富的积累,所以希望大家平时多读多记,在写作时才能信手拈来,运用自如。
例:席慕蓉说:“生命是一条奔流不息的河,我们都是那个过河的人。”在生命之河的左岸是忘记,在生命之河的右岸是铭记。我们乘坐各自独有的船在左岸与右岸穿梭,才知道——忘记该忘记的,铭记该铭记的。(《在忘记与铭记的两岸》)
6、对比引入式
运用对比引入式,可直接帮助人们判断是非曲直,上下优劣,利弊得失,很快步入论述的主题。
例1、古今中外,凡是在事业上有所造就、取得成功的人,没有不是用辛勤的汗水换来的;反之,那些懒惰昏庸的人,就难得成就事业。由此,我们可以说:勤则成事,惰则败业。(《说勤》)
例2、一位孔繁森,光芒四射,人们提起他的名字,总是与伟大、光明、进步联系在一起。一位,臭名昭著,人们提起他的名字,总是与贪婪、黑暗、丑陋联系在一起。两个人都走完了人生。但一个永存人间,一个早已被人唾弃。人生的价值,在两人的鲜明对比中,不是已经显现出来了吗?
7、设问开篇式
就是在文章开头,先就要议论的问题提出疑问,然后在回答问题中提出自己的观点。如:
爱美之心人皆有之。作为新时代的青年,我们应该追求什么样的美?车尔尼雪夫斯基说:‘美是生活。’人们生活中美的语言,美的行为,美的心灵,美的生活方式,这才识我们所追求的最主要的美。”(《青年应该追求什么样的美?》(采用设问,引起读者注意,然后自问自答,在释疑中自然推出全文的中心论点。)
1、拐弯抹角离题千里。落笔时,总爱兜圈子。有人把它比作大头娃娃。
2、千篇一律格式固定。开头写来写去就是这么几句话。
3、追求花样弄巧成拙。写得很好,表达思想感情不明白,不清楚,不真实。
Study the two pictures above carefully and write an essay entitled “On the Relationship between Environment and Economy” In the essay, you should (1 describe the pictures and interpret their meaning (2 give your opinion with some proof (3 give your conclusion.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points
[参考范文]On the Relationship between Environment and Economy
The two pictures above are both about the relationship between the environment and the economic development. In the first picture, GDP is on the rise while the environment is drastically polluted. In the second picture, economic efficiency progresses with environmental protection. It’s easy to get the conclusion that development according to the second picture is more reasonable than that in the first one.
In the early development of socialism, our country didn’t pay much attention to the issue of environmental protection and savored the bitterness. Now, the government has taken many measures and is implementing the strategy of “sustainable development”. One aspect of the strategy is to develop the economy and take measures to protect the environment at the same time. In this way, we can develop our country in a sustainable manner and our offspring can have enough resources to develop society. If we don’t put much emphasis on the environment issue and excavate the natural resources blindly, our country will become a barren land sooner or later.
In a word, sustainable development is a reasonable strategy which should be implemented for a long time. The nature is providing us with plentiful resources generously, but it may punish us severely if we don’t care her.
Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled “The Adaptation of the Classical Literature”. In the essay, you should (1 describe the picture (2 interpret its meaning (3 give your opinion about the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points?
The picture gives us a view of a popular phenomenon: the adaptation of the classics. Some classical literary works, such as our four great classics i.e. A Dream of Red Mansions, Journey to the West, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Heroes of the Marshes, are all adapted to cater to some readers’ tastes. The traditional characters become so strange and the plots are totally different. It is so ridiculous that the precious literary treasures are allowed to be ruined so much.
As we all know, the classical literature is the representation of the outstanding art of our nation. Some familiar characters such as Monkey King express the good wishes of our common people. From them, we learn many good virtues such as honesty, bravery, justice etc. However, in those adapted works named “Bantering***”or “Reboiling***”, all plots are changed and all characters become somewhat watered clown. Some readers interested in reading burlesque works have high praise for them. But they never think of the negative effects of such adaptations on the average reader, especially to children. Children are the future of the nation. They always believe that what is in the books is the truth. Those adapted works will affect their outlook on life.
Therefore, some measures should be taken to restrict these adaptations. The real classics should be presented on the bookshelves to lead people to appreciate the real art.
用对比、反衬等手法,在开头营造出比较强烈的反差效果,为下文的展开做铺垫、设置悬念等。
例:牛买了,父亲的魂丢了。(《牛的故事》)
例:秀是山里的姑娘,却总喜欢望着山外那座城出神。(《秀儿》)
欲扬先抑是一种强调手段,是一种人物描写技巧。作者想褒扬某个人物,却不从褒扬处落笔,而先是按下,从相反的贬抑处落笔。用这种方法,使情节多变,波澜起伏,造成鲜明的对比,容易使读者在阅读过程中,产生恍然大悟的感觉,留下比较深刻的印象。
例:母亲属虎,特凶,不仅对她的五个儿子凶,而且对我的父亲也凶。我们都挺怕她。(《懂你》)
运用这种方法,在构思与写作过程中,要注意抑扬前后应具有对照性,且大多是采用相反对立的形式构成对照。另外,对于抑扬两者,不可等量齐观。抑,起的是衬垫作用。二者比例、分量的掌握,只能通过自己不断的写作实践,去细细地体会、揣摩。
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