1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
星期五下午,我们班开展了一个背诵大赛:背诵描写高兴的片段。同学们欢呼雀跃。比赛开始,先分成四组,每一组要有一名同学背出一段描写高兴的片段,超出20个字的给满分10分,如果内容很精彩,或许能得到12或15分。第一个同学已经开始了,还没到我,我的心就砰砰直跳,是不是应该弃权啊。
同学们争锋相对、唇枪舌剑、互不相让,都想让自己的队夺取更高的分数,我呢,我正埋头背着片段,深怕万一背不出来,那不就丢脸了吗。时间一分一秒的过去了,呀!到我了,我连忙起立,面对其他同学的眼光,还有我们这一组对我充满期望的眼神,真不知道该怎么办。这时,心里闪现出一句话:遇到什么困难的事,千万不要慌,就像在自己家一样。这是我在一部动画片“小樱桃”里面听到的,这句话时时提醒着我。我大声的背出片段,然后连忙坐下,头都不敢抬一下。哇,真是太刺激了。算分数的时候到了,第一名是第一组140分,第二名是第四组130分,而我们才第三名83分。不过不要紧,还有下一次的个人比赛,我们准会赢过来的,我们不气馁,不灰心,下次继续努力,肯定能战胜第一组的。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
今天作文课上,老师在黑板上写下4个大字《背诵比赛》。
比赛前,同学有的镇定自若,很有信心;有的头上冒汗,很紧张;还有的在复习《自助餐》上的内容。这时,老师发给我们一个小纸条,让我们在上面分别写上名字、诗的题目。我心想:老师葫芦里究竟卖的是什么药?写完后,老师让我们分别放到两个盒子里。
老师说:“游戏规则是:我从写著名字的盒子里抽,抽着谁,谁就上来,然后这位同学再在写这诗的.名字抽,抽出来哪首诗就背,背诵古诗一处不错的发一个“小牛”,现代诗错三处以下的发一个“小牛”。”听后,我想:我平时背得挺好,每次都当小老师,可这次我是面向大家,要是背错了多丢人啊!我的心有些紧张。
开始比赛了,当老师抽名字时,同学们开始大声喊叫,可当老师打开纸条时,班里一下子变得安静起来,侧耳听着老师说谁的名字,老师说:“李梓萌。”只见他慢吞吞地站起来,神色慌张地走上讲台,随便抽了一张,老师念道:“朱自清的《春》”哇,同学们不知谁发出一声尖叫,后排的同学都站起来了,因为这篇文章最长啊!大家都为李梓萌担心起来。他背时,一句一大哏,急得都冒出汗了,结果没得“小牛”,倒罚了一个。
第二个被抽中的是同学是赵心洁。只见她从容不迫地走上讲台,从容不迫地抽诗,然后又很有感情地、不紧不慢地背诵着,同学们都竖起耳朵,津津有味地听着。背到最后的时候,我们都不约而同地伸出大拇指,哇!这一个不错。
第三个被抽中的是特别人物——闻名全校的吕嘉欣。她学习成绩突出,各方面都很优秀,无人不知,无人不晓。抽诗的时候,只见她手有些发抖,将抽出的纸条紧张地交给老师。“《赠花卿》”老师一字一句地说道。吕嘉欣神色自若,胸有成竹地背完了,可是最后有一个音“只应”的“应”,吕嘉欣背成了四声,老师查了查字典,结果是她把音调背错了。这时只见她双手合十,多么希望她的读音是正确的呀,但事实证明,她读错了,她双手一摊,表现出一脸的无奈。
不知不觉一节课很快过去了,在紧张而又快乐的背诵中我们也学到了不少知识。我们真心希望老师给同学们多上几节这样的课堂。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
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