There are many admirable people around us, such as our parents, teachers, polices and so on. But the people I admire most are cleaners. Cleaners work hard silently very day to keep our city clean and beautiful. They get up early in host summer or cold winter when we are sleeping. They don’t work for themselves only, but for us, for our city. Sometimes, we think they are dirty and we don’t want to close to them. It’s not right. They clean our environment by their hard work.
在我们的身边,有许多值得敬佩的人,例如我们的父母、老师、警察等等,但最令我敬佩的人是清洁工。他们每天都默默地辛勤工作,保持城市的干净、美丽。无论是酷暑还是寒冬,我们正在熟睡,而他们去早早起床开始工作。他们不但是为自己工作,也是为了我们大家,为了我们的城市。有的时候,我们会觉得他们很脏,甚至不想靠近他们,这是不对的,他们通过自己的辛勤工作使环境清洁了。
Paul Robert在《英语句子结构》(English Sentence Structure一书中指出:“据多数情况来看,歧义的产生并非故意的。它是由运用句子结构时的疏忽造成的,以致没有能够将可以使意义清晰的标记包罗到句子中去。(周立人,1997∶6”于是忽视使用表明句子结构的句法代号就引起了语法歧义。伍谦光(1995∶199认为:“‘语法歧义’是指由于对句子中的句法结构有不同理解而产生的歧义。”语法歧义最常见,也最复杂。下面是一些具有代表性的类例:
1.1词性
一个句子往往由于无法确定某个词的词性而变得无法理解。
(1College demands change.
很明显,例句中的demands既可理解为动词,也可理解为名词。change同样如此。于是此句就产生了两个不同的意思:(1大学要求改革。demands是动词,change是名词。(2大学的要求改变了。demands是名词,change是动词。
1.2名词(修饰语+名词
1.2.1复合名词或名词短语
(2an English teacher
此例在书面语中易引起歧义:(1一位教英语的老师。English teacher是一个复合名词。(2一位来自英国的老师。English作为修饰语加在名词前构成名词短语。
1.2.2-ing+名词
(3Flying planes can be dangerous.
此句也产生了两种意思:(1驾驶飞机会是危险的。Flying是动名词。(2正在驾驶的飞机会有危险。Fling是现在分词,作形容词用。
1.3带有’s的名词所有格
(4This is his teacher’s book.
句子中teacher’s book可以是一个整体,即“教师用书”。但his teacher也可以是一个整体,即“他的老师”。所以此句产生了两个意思:(1这是他的教师用书。(2这是他老师的书。
1.4不定式动词短语
(5The tiger is too small to kill.
此例也有两种含义:(1这只老虎太小以致于不能伤人。此意对tiger来说,是主动的动作。(2这只老虎太小了,还不能被***。此意对tiger来说,是被动的动作。
1.5“及物动词+宾语”结构
(6I found Jim an experienced teacher.
及物动词found后面接了两个名词Jim和an experienced teacher。这句话有两个意思:(1我发现吉姆原来是一位有的老师。(2我为吉姆找到了一位有经验的老师。
1.6并列连词and
(7Tom and Lucy are married.
此句可理解为:(1汤姆和露西两个成了亲。其中and连接两个名词,构成一个简单句。(2汤姆和露西两个都已结婚。该句可看作一个并列句。
1.7悬挂式否定词not
(8His object is not to eat.
此句产生的两种意思为:(1他的目的不是吃。作此意讲时,is和not的关系紧密,可写作isn’t。(2他的目的是绝食。作此意讲时,not与to eat的关系紧密,形成“绝食”的含义。因此not是悬挂式的(即可以自由摆动。
1.8悬挂式代词
(9The man informed his brother that he should lose weight.
人称代词he位于两个名词the man和his brother之后,句意变得模糊:(1这个男的告诉他的哥哥他自己应该减肥。人称代词he代指the man。(2这个男的告诉他的哥哥他应该减肥。这时人称代词he代指his brother。
1.9悬挂式状语修饰成分
(10The people who saw the play frequently praised it.
这里的frequently很难说是修饰saw the play还是praised的,因为状语修饰成分是“悬挂的”,所以产生了两个意思:(1经常看戏的人们称赞了它。(2看了这出戏的人们频繁地称赞它。
1.10悬挂式定语修饰成分
(11Lily likes the vase on the table which she bought yesterday.
此句中的which she bought yesterday是定语从句,这个定语从句可认为是修饰vase,也可以认为是修饰table。也引起了歧义:(1莉莉喜欢放在桌子上的那个昨天买的花瓶。(2莉莉喜欢放在昨天买的桌子上的那个花瓶。
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许多研究语言中的歧义现象的学者都认为,我们说话和写文章都应力求“准确、简明、生动”,避免歧义。不过歧义也并不只有消极的作用。在我们的日常生活中,歧义同样也产生了积极的作用,如在商业广告、政治宣传中,歧义都达到了很好的幽默诙谐的效果。本文从语法、词汇和语音的角度分析了英语中的歧义类型。当然,有些提法还有待商榷(比如因“完全同形同音异义词”引起的词汇歧义,由“意义不同、但某些语法形式相同的词”引起的语音歧义等,以便进一步探讨。
每个孩子心中都有一个偶像。他们追逐着明星,梦想着成为其中的一员。看看那些年轻漂亮偶像,而且还有很多粉丝的喜爱,所以我梦想成为明星。如果我是明星,首先,我可以赚很多钱。有了这些钱,我可以让我的父母过上更好的`生活,回报他们的爱。最令人兴奋的是还会拥有很多一直支持我的粉丝。我能看到我的才华,我为自己感到骄傲。但是成为明星意味着失去了陪伴家人的时间。
When I was very small, I like to watch Mickey Mouse very much. He is so funny and makes me laugh out loudly. Later, I have seen a lot of Disney animation, and all of them attract me. The films that Disney company makes have high quality, and the plots will never let me down. Maybe no other company can please so many children.
在我很小的时候,我就很喜欢看米老鼠。它很有趣,总是可以让我大声笑出来。之后,我看过很多迪斯尼动画,都很吸引我。迪斯尼公司生产高质量的电影,故事情节永远不会让我失望。也许没有其他公司能取悦这么多的孩子。
It was Sunday. Our teacher Mr Zhu led us to a park nearby.Usually we go to the park to spend our holiday. But today we went there to take part in voluntary labour.
We got there at nine o'clock. Mr Zhu divided us into three groups and then we began working.
The students in Group One planted trees and watered flowers. The studentsin Group Two were busy collecting litter left by the tourist. They also cleaned the benches in the park. I was in Group Three. We went to the children's playground and cleaned all the equipment there. We worked very hard.
At about eleven we finished working. We met at the gate of the park. We all felt tired but very happy.
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