至今,考研英语(一)漫画作文共考查19次(严格说法应该是“图画”,因为期间有两年是“照片”不是“漫画”)。笔者研究这些漫画多年,发现其中隐藏着许多共同特征。
Expert tips on how to prevent avian influenza H7N9 collated by current argument data dictionary
1.平时加强体育锻炼,多休息,避免过度劳累,不吸烟,勤洗手;注意个人卫生,打喷嚏或咳嗽时掩住口鼻。
1 usually strengthen physical exercise, rest more, avoid excessive overworked, do not smoke, wash their hands; pay attention to personal hygiene, when sneezing or coughing and cover your nose and mouth.
2.保持室内清洁,使用消毒液清洗的地毯,避免使用难以清洗的地毯,保持地面、天花板、家具及墙壁清洁,确保排水道通畅;保持室内空气流通,应每天开窗换气两次,每次至少10分钟,或使用抽气扇保持空气流通;尽量少去 空气不流通的场所。
2 keep the room clean, use disinfectant cleaning carpets, avoid the use of hard to clean the carpet, keep the floor, ceiling, furniture and walls clean, to ensure smooth drainage channel; maintains the indoor air circulation, ventilation windows should be at least two times a day, 10 minutes each time, or use a fan to keep air circulation; as little as possible to airless places.
3.注意饮食卫生,进食禽肉、蛋类要彻底煮熟,加工、保存食物时要注意生、熟分开;养成良好的卫生习惯,搞好厨房卫生,不生食禽肉和内脏。解剖活(死家禽、家畜及其制品后要彻底洗手。
3, pay attention to food hygiene, eating meat, eggs should be thoroughly cooked, processing, preservation of food to the attention of raw, cooked separately; develop good health habits, good kitchen hygiene, do not eat raw poultry meat and offal. Anatomy of living (dead to wash hands thoroughly, livestock and poultry products.
同时,在户外洗手不方便的时候,可以使用免洗洗手液,随身携带,随时随地隔离病菌,呵护您的健康。
At the same time, when the outdoor hand-washing is not convenient, can use hand sanitizer, carry whenever and wherever possible, isolate the pathogen, take care of your health.
4.发现疫情时,应尽量避免与禽类接触;公众特别是儿童应避免密切接触家禽和野禽。
4 found in the epidemic, should avoid contact with poultry; the public especially children should avoid close contact with poultry and wild birds.
5.注意生活用具的消毒处理。禽流感病毒不耐热,100°C下一分钟即可灭活。对干燥、紫外线照射、汞、氯等常用消毒药都很敏感。
5 pay attention to disinfection and living appliances. Avian influenza viruses do not heat, 100 ° C, one minute can be inact
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
本书是著名的精神分析现代学派的卡伦霍妮的作品。精神分析疗法,作为治疗神经症的一个重要方法,从弗洛伊德开创以来,已经取得很大的进步和发展。但精神分析是否必须由专业的心理治疗师完成?在某些客观条件如费用和地点等不允许的情况下,神经症患者是否可以按照精神分析的相同的方法与途径来解决自我心理障碍问题?
本书就是针对这个问题作出回答。用卡伦霍妮的原话就是,本书关心的问题是:一个人能否走的更远?
卡伦霍妮开篇明义到,精神分析的完成是由分析师和病人相互配合完成的,病人的配合程度越高,精神分析的完成效率越高,解决问题的可能性越大。她非常形象比喻道,解决心理问题犹如翻越大山,精神分析师起到只是向导作用,向病人指出最佳路线,翻越大山本身必须由病人亲力完成,病人在这个过程中建设性贡献的多少,决定了治疗过程的长度和结果。
同时卡伦霍妮指出,许多神经症病人在精神治疗师的指导下,并没有完全解决问题,但是在分析师退出一段时间之后却能恢复。主要原因是,先前的工作已经可以让病人做出准确的自我观察。但病人习惯将分析师的建议认定是一种外来干扰,病人更倾向于自我的发现,分析师的建议出现了滞后效应。此外,生活本身就是最好的治疗师,很多道理也是一段时间之后才能彻底明白。
自我分析在理论上是可行的,但并不如很多畅销书所说的那么容易。自我分析与专业的精神分析一样,都面对着相同的困难,即病人对于解决问题的激励,是否能够克服分析过程中产生的“阻抗”。
无论精神分析还是自我分析的过程,都是是一个不断的洞察和发现自己的过程,每一个洞察都是痛苦的。因为它是打破原来的心理平衡,而平衡带来了幻觉与安全感。
因此,自我分析有可能是一个危险的过程,但是卡伦霍妮指出“如果一个人有充足的勇气去发现那些令人不快的自我真相,我们有理由相信,她强壮到足以走出困境”,因此,自我分析在可能的范围内,不大可能产生实质损坏的危险。
同时自我分析给人带来的是内在力量的增加和以及自信心的`增长。在人通过自我分析成功解决个人内心的冲突的时候,这种成就带来的是一种有理有据的自豪,面对困境时,有坚实基础的自信。自我分析不仅理论可行,而且对于个人是确实可行的,读书笔记但是自我分析并不适合严重的神经症或者完全没有人指导的情况,严重的神经症必须到专业的分析师处治疗。本书最值得阅读的内容是,卡伦霍妮介绍自我分析的步骤。她以神经症人格结构作为理论基础,解释神经症的产生原因,以及专业的精神分析和自我分析解决问题所需的过程以及遇到的问题和相关解决方法。
她详细记录描述了她的一个病人叫克莱尔的通过自我分析克服自己的病态性依赖症的过程。这个案例对于每一个想解决自我问题的人都可以参考和借鉴操作。
最后卡伦霍妮在书的结尾提到,并不存在完整的自我分析,因为完成自我分析的想法是“狂妄”的,人生的过程本身就是挣扎和奋斗,不断的发展和成长,分析只是有助于这个过程的一种方式。人生中取得积极的成就时重要的,但是奋斗本身也有固有的价值。这一点上她的观点倾向于存在主义哲学。
拿到作文题目后,要先弄清楚题目的意义、范围、中心,确定文章的体裁、题材、字数要求,再围绕中心选择材料,合理布局谋篇,运用恰当的表达方式进行写作。
1、确立准确的内容在最短的时间内找到最适合自己的写作内容
(1)思维的发散
在落笔成文前,一定要慎重,要考虑到尽可能多的写作内容。
①充分利用作文题中的提示性语言,获得写作内容
如:也许你被真挚的母爱感动过,也许你被善良的帮助感动过,也许你为奥运会场升起的五星红旗流过热泪,也许你为无私的友谊掀起过情感的波澜
请以感动为话题写一篇作文,文体不限,题目自拟。
作文题中的也许也许也许也许的提示语,没有内容写的同学完全可以把这段话作为自己的写作材料,写母爱、帮助、友谊等带给自己的感动。
②开辟独特、新颖的角度
A、类似联想
如由花与刺联想到阳光与阴影、成功与挫折、优点与缺点等。
B、内敛式联想
由如英雄联想到课堂上的英雄、公交车上的英雄、联欢会上的英雄等
C、逆反式联想
如由心事联想到我没有心事;由感动联想到自己是不懂感动的人,在母爱面前一点一点被征服被融化被感动的过程。
D、虚实转换联想
如写位置,可以实写班级的座位、一个人的职务等,也可以虚写自己在别人心目中的地位,人在自然界中的地位等等。
(2)思维的归纳
①写自己熟悉的内容不要选择自己一知半解的事情作为写作材料。
②写自己能驾驭的内容由自己的认知水平、思想深度和语言表达能力决定。
2、突出明确的中心
(1)符合题意
准确把握文章题目的范围和内涵,注意培养明确点明中心的意识。为此,可在文章内容构思好后,围绕中心编写几句(段)话,将它们安插在文章的开头、结尾或者文章的过渡、转折的地方,既提醒自己不要偏离中心,也提醒阅卷老师你有明确的中心意识。
(2)提升中心的品位
①要有深刻的思想
②有小中见大的眼光
③有化实为虚的能力
④有时代意识
⑤有新颖的角度
例如:以风为话题的作文,可以化实为虚,由不同季节的风的特点联想到不同性格的人;可以联系时代,写社会上的各种风气;可以联系自己,写中学生中流行的一些风气;可以由风想到沙尘暴等社会问题;由风想到关于风筝的记忆┅┅
美国女性心理学家卡伦·霍尼的《自我分析》一书将自我分析这一主题,犹如功夫深厚笃定的禅定大师一般,将自我分析的缘由、优点、范例和理论都一一不紧不慢地娓娓道来,对于弗洛伊德一门,卡伦·霍尼有着独到的见解和认识,在书中可以看出,她已经形成一套自己严格而完整的思想体系,在书中所讲的那些分析和案例,其中不乏成段成段的“金句”,这也使得我很被吸引,甚至产生了想要背诵下来这些句子的冲动。(相比而言有的书二十万字才有两句“金句”)
最近在看一本关于历史的书籍,那本书中说道,“如果想知道战争的规模有多大,那么你看是谁领导着着场战争即可。”这场战争的规模本身会惊动什么样子的将军,还是什么样的将军会造就了战场规模不得而知,不过这句话确实可以用在生活中作为参考。卡伦·霍尼的《自我分析》这本书的重要性可能也可以从《自我分析》一系列的丛书序的作者——国际心理科学联合会副主席张侃可以看出,《自我分析》针对神经症人格所作的分析,肯定是鲜有人所超越的,“神经症人格的结构多少有些刻板,但也脆弱而不稳定,因为它有很多弱点——它的虚假、自欺欺人和幻觉性。……”“……尽管他不知道这些东西是什么。他可以大声宣称,一切东西都是对的,尽管他在头痛,或者他在胡吃海喝,但是他觉得骨子里有些东西不对劲。”作者卡伦·霍尼所建议的是,自我分析比心理医生所提供的分析,有着得天独厚的好处,好处之一也便是可以把这种“骨子里”的“有些东西不对劲”给提炼出来,而且花费更少的知识成本,更容易学会,相反,如果心理咨询师从外面的角度来看待你的心理问题,则需要学习更多的知识和技巧,而且他只能和你待在一起两个小时的咨询时间,这相比自己每天都和自己待在一起而言,差了很多——自己更了解自己。
按照《自我分析》的卡伦·霍尼说的,“我经常告诉我的病人,如果将解决心理问题比喻成翻大山,那么理想的情况是心理咨询师只充当向导,指出最佳路线。”通篇文章也都是在侃侃而谈的是如何做好这样的引导。
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
How to prevent the H7N9?
As is well known,the A flu is spreading throught our country. However, if we negnect it, the deadly H7N9 may cause more infectors,or even more deaths. So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to prevent it.They can be listed as follows.
Firstly,it is necessary for you to realize the Avian flu can be prevented if you develop good living habits. For example,you shouldn’t forget to wash your hands before meals.Besides,don’t spit everywhere and try to cover your mouth or nose with paper or hankerchiefs when you have to cough or sneeze.What’s more, remember to wear the mouth-cover if you have to go to the public places, such as the crowded cinemas,supermarkets, buses,where the A flu may spread easily.
Secondly,of course, taking exercise more often and taking good sleep to build your body are wise choices for you to reduce the risk of being infected.
Last but not the least, if you are unlucky to be infected with the slight flu cold, try to stay at home,and take some medicine. Do pay attention to your daily body temperature. If you have a high fever, go to the hospital without delay for further treatment. Make sure you are not expected to come back to school before the cold or flu is cured.
Only by doing like this can you prevent or defeat the A flu in the end.
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