为了使所要说明的事物准确化,还可以采用列数字的方法,以便读者理解。需要注意的是,引用的数字,一定要准确无误,不准确的数字绝对不能用,即使是估计的数字,也要有可靠的依据。
Dear professor Jackson:
I am indeed very sorry that I missed the examination you gave on Moby-Dick last Wednesday. I feel badly about it and want you to know what happened.
On my way to class that day,I had a flat tire,and I had to go with the mechanic when he repaired it. It took me more than one hour to get it done. A copy of the bill is enclosed.
I sincerely hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. I would appreciate your allowing me to take a make up examination. I will come to your office during your office hour on Monday to discuss this possibility with you. Once again,Im sorry fro any inconvenience caused.
Sincerely yours.
细节照应,就是通过对事物细枝末节和多次描写而形成的照应,以此来表达感情、寄托思想、表现个性,是一种生命力强、效果上乘、给人们印象深刻的照应方法。细节照应的文字,一般比较简洁;照应的位置,可以遍及各个段落,开遍收束,承转圆合,均无不可,十分自由。
细节照应的特点,一是真实性强,细节照应来自于生活,又高于生活,是对现实生活中某些内容进行提炼强化的结果,给人的感觉是真实可信的,实实在在的。二是生命力强,这种照应对读者产生的印象是最为深刻的,即使是一景一物、一招一势,也会给人永久难忘的印象,因为它特征鲜明,描写细致,贴近生活,耐人寻味。三是运用频率不高,因为它与细节描写不同,具有成套配搭的特点,难以频繁运用,有时一两套就足够了。
细节照应的内容十分广泛,包括动作细节,形象细节,景物细节,语言细节,物件细节,服饰细节,情节细节等,现就其中的两种稍加阐释,可见一斑。
一是动作细节的照应,就是通过两个或两个以上的细节性动作的描写,来构成照应关系。动作细节的位置,宜间开一段距离;动作细节的类别,可以是同一动作的重复,也可以是有一定因果、顺承等连贯性动作的展示,还可以是有较强对比性动作的环扣。这种照应运用频率最多,因而在细节照应中占了很重要的位置。例如,鲁迅先生的小说名篇《孔乙已》中:
他不回答,对柜里说,“温两碗酒,要一碟茴香豆。”便排出九文大钱。
他从破衣袋里摸出四文大钱,放在我手里……
这句话先后出自小说第四段和十段,是动作细节描写,前者体现在一个“排”字上,后者体现在一个“摸”字上,这两个动作细节,就形成了对比性的照应关系,显示了孔乙已命运发展的脉络。
二是物件细节的照应,就是通过对某个物件的细致描写和客观展示,来构成照应关系,物体多以小而平凡的东西为主,主要对人物起衬托作用。例如,苏联作家苏西蒙洛夫的《蜡烛》,就采用了这种细节照应。照应的位置是小说的后半部分,照应的物件是老妇人45年前结婚用的一双喜烛,而现在她把蜡烛插到了烈士的坟头上,作者对蜡烛就进行了多次描写,反复纷呈,形成细节照应,从而有力的表达了老妇人对烈士的悼念之情。
运用细节照应法在注意两点:一是细节照应必须真实,至少要符合艺术的真实,因为虚假的细节会损害人物的形象,损害作品的思想性和艺术性。二是细节照应要融于具体的`情境之中,既显得非常突出,又和谐地融合在一起,这样的细节的照应,才是成功的。
Leaders, Members:
My name is Liyuanyuan. Im a boy and I am 12 yeas old, there are 4 people in my family. My father is a Chemistry teacher. He teaches chemistry in Zhengxin senior high school.
My mother is a Chinese teacher. She teaches Chinese in the university. I have an elder brother; he is a junior middle school student and is preparing for the entrance exam.
Im tall and I have a pair of big eyes. Now, I am in Grade 5, my study is not very good, but I like English, so my English is better than others.
I like singing, drawing, playing basketball. I like to read English story books in my free time. Sometimes I surf the Internet and download the English study materials. Because it also enlarges my vocabulary words. I think one day I can master English. Thank you.
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