In Haimen there is a park. It’s a big and beautiful park. It has two gates. They are the North Gate and the West Gate. Many people park their bikes in front of the gates.
There is a shop at the North Gate. When you go into the park through the North Gate, you will find a large square on your right and you will see lots of trees and flowers around you. In the west of the park, there is a playground.
Sometimes some children fly kites on it and some people sit on the grass and chat. In the middle of the park, there is a lake. There are many boats on it. There is a hill in the east of the park.
The park is very beautiful. I love it very much. Will you come to visit it some day?
在海门市有一个公园。这是一个美丽的大公园。它有两个大门。是北门和西门。许多人把自行车停在大门前。
在北门有一间店。当你进入公园的北大门,你会发现在你的`右边是一个大广场,你会看到你周围有许多树和花。在公园的西部,有一个操场。
有时有些孩子在操场上放风筝,一些人坐在草地上聊天。在公园的中间,有一个湖。湖上有许多船。公园的东部有一座山。
公园很漂亮。我非常喜欢它。有一天你会来参观吗?
[1]Halliday,M. A. K.Language as Social Semiotic[M]. London: Arnold,1978.
[2]胡壮麟,姜望其.语言学教程[M]. 北京大学出版社,2001.
[3]Halliday,M. A. K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社;Edward Arnold( Publishers) Limited,2000.(2011)08-0000-00
作为当今最有影响力之一的语言学理论,功能语法以社会学为导向,着重语言的功能性研究。其创始人韩礼德从儿童和成人的语言学习角度将语言功能高度理论化。根据韩的观点,儿童所使用的最原始的语言能够被简概为一套高度编码且抽象的功能,其中包含三个元功能(纯理功能):概念功能(ideational function),人际功能(interpersonal function)以及语篇功能(textualfunction)[1]。概念功能进一步被细化为和逻辑功能,表述在我们周围及自身所发生的事情,称之为“内容(content)”。概念功能通过及物性(transitivity)来实现,及物性由六个过程组成,即物质过程,心理过程,关系过程,行为过程,言语过程和存在过程。
功能语法把用来表达一系列概念意义,抽象和具体的外部世界,以及人的意识过程的结构单位叫做小句(clause),即句子或类似句子结构的统称。一个小句包含三个功能成份:过程(process),参与者(participant),和环境(circumstantials)。其中主要成份过程代表事件或状态,参与者即从时间,地点,方式等各个层面参与的人或事功能语法,而具体的参与者功能取决于过程类型。语言的及物性和作格性能够帮助将过程进行归类,及物性把经验世界看作是一套可控的过程模式。简而言之,及物性是与概念元功能相一致的小句语法,及物性分析能够定义不同的过程类型并由此决定过程的参与者,从而明确过程与参与者之间的逻辑关系[2]。
在韩提出的六个过程中,物质,心理和关系过程是最主要的。他们作为经验理论,是语法的奠基石,呈现三种截然不同的结构,是篇章中所有小句的主体。同时,韩提出了一个假设,这三个过程在整个语言中的分布频率大致平衡。然而,他自己也承认,此理论未经证实[3]。韩礼德用来阐释六个过程的小句皆为简短且相互独立无关联的句子,而此后的相关过程模式研究也仅仅探究了口头语篇或主观自创的例句cssci期刊目录。
The Children Park
儿童公园
A new park for children has been set up to welcome' the coming of Children's Day,
The park is in the south of our city, covering an area of 500 mu. Entering the park you can see statues of children in different races, hand in hand,which is the symbol of the world peace. In the middle is a lake, around Which are all kinds of trees and flowers. There are many boats on the take and some children are boating happily, To the south of the lake is a hill with a lot of monkeys on it. The Children's Pa]ace lies to the east, in which all kinds of exhibitions are on show. To the west of the lake is a place for children to play, where there are many recreational facilities.
I'm sure the children in our city will have a happy festival this year.
为迎接儿童节的到来,新的.儿童公园已经落成。
公园位于城南,占地500亩。走进公园,你可以看到不同种族的儿童雕像,手挽着手,象征着世界和平。中间有一个湖,周围有各种树木鲜花,湖面上有很多小船,孩子们在愉快地划着。湖南面有一座猴山。少年宫在湖的东面;里面有各种展览。湖的西面是一个儿童游乐场,里面有各种娱乐设施。
我相信我们市的儿童今年会度过一个愉快的节日。
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