英文书信的构成可分为8个部分:
信头(Heading
日期(Date
收信人姓名及地址(Inside Name and Address
称呼(Salutation
信文(Body of the letter
结束语(Complimentary close
署名(Signature
附言(P. S.
(1信头(Heading
信头是指发信人的单位名称或地址。一般情况下发信人只需把自己的地址写(打字,手写均可在信的右上角,离开信纸的顶头约1英寸,占二三行或四行均可,格式如下: ①齐头式
②缩进式
注意:写地址的次序与中文不同,应先写门牌号码街道,然后城市和国名。写地址时采用齐头或缩进式,以及每行后要不要加标点符号,都没有固定的规定。如写给经常往来的亲友,这项地址也可以省略。
(2日期(Date
写日期注意下列各点:
①年份应写全,例如不能用“99”来代替“1999”;
②月份应写英文名称,除May, July外,可用缩写,如:Sep., Oct.。但不要用数字来代替,如7/4/99 或7, 4, 99,因为在英国此日期代表 7th April,1999,而美国则代表4th July,1999。
③日期可用1,2,3,4…11,12…21,22…31等,也可用lst,2nd,3rd,4th…11th,21th…22nd…31st等。
日期的几种写法:
a.July 7,1998
b.1st October, 1998
c.30 Nov., 1997
d.Sep. 3rd, 1999
④特别注意英文书信日期应紧接着写信人地址下一行,不能像写中文书信那样写在书信签名之后,这是很多学生的常见错误。
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①
②
(3收信人姓名及地址(Inside Name and Address
写信人的地址和日期写好以后,接着就要写收信人的姓名和地址,一般的事务信件或给较生疏的.朋友的信件要写,而在给极熟的朋友的信中则可省去。这一项写在日期下一行的左上角。收信人姓名写一行,收信人地址可分两行或三行写,和写信人的地址一样,上下可取齐,也可以向右缩进。在姓名前一般要加上称号,称号因人而异。
①对普通男子用Mr;
②对未婚女子用Miss;
③对已婚女子用Mrs,对婚姻状况不明确的通常用Ms(后跟本人姓;
④对男子用Master;
⑤对教授或博士(医生用Prof.或Dr.
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(4称呼(Salutation
称呼指的是信文开头的那种称呼,如Dear , Mr, Uncle,各种称呼因人而异。在称呼后面一般是用逗号,但也有用冒号的。现归纳如下:
①对父母、兄弟、姐妹等;
a.Father,
b.My dear Mother,
c. Dear Sister,
d. Dear Tom,
②对亲戚:
a.My dear Auntie,
b.Dear Cousin,
c.My dear Cousin,
③对朋友、同学
a.My dear friend,
b.Dear Mr Jackson,
c.My dear Mr Jackson,
d.Dear Sir,
④对未婚女子:
a.Dear Miss Luce,
b.My dear Miss Luce,
⑤对一般女子,不论是否结婚:
a.Madame,
b.Dear Madame,
⑥对已婚女子:
a.Dear Mrs Helen Jackson,
b.My dear Mrs Helen Jackson,
⑦对公司、工厂、学校等:
a.Dear Sirs,
b.Sirs,
c.Gentlemen,
(5信文(Body of the letter
信文是信件的主体部分,也就是信的内容。正文应在称呼下两行开始。信的开头第一个字母通常和称呼开头第一个词平齐。也有往后退四个或八个字母的。下面介绍一些开头语和结尾语。
开头语
①相当于中文的“敬君者”。
a.I beg to inform you that…
b.I beg to take this opportunity to inform you that …
c.I have the honor to address you that…
d. I write in a hurry to inform you that…
e.I have the pleasure to tell you that…
f. I'm very much delighted to inform you that…
②相当于中文的“接读某月某日来信,一切知悉”。
a.I thank you very much for your letter of May 20th …
b.Your letter of May 20th has been received with thanks.
c.It gives me great pleasure to receive your kind of May 20th.
d.In answer to your kind letter of May 20th, I deeply regret that …
e.I have received your kind letter of May 20th.
f.Words can't express my delight on finding your favor of yesterday on my desk this morning.
g.Your letter dated May 20th has been received.
结尾语
采用三种方法:
①采用分词短语:句末用逗号,不用句号。例如:
a.Waiting for your good news,
b.Looking forward to your early reply,
c.Hoping to hear from you soon,
d.Hoping you are enjoying good he
alth,
cerely,
Barbara
④感谢信
Dear Sir,
With feelings of deep gratitude I address y
参考词语
senior grade three
appreciate
spare
⑤下面是某中外合资企业刊登在China Daily上的一则招聘广告。 Office secretary, with experience in book-keeping, Type-writing Public relations, op
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
①.举例子:具体真切地说明了事物的××特点。
②.分类别:条理清楚地说明了事物的××特点。对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明,使说明更有条理性。使说明的`内容眉目清楚,避免重复交叉的现象。
③.列数字:具体而准确地说明该事物的××特点。使说明更有说服力。 ④.作比较:突出强调了被说明对象的××特点(地位、影响等)。 ⑤.下定义:用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示,从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。
⑥.打比方:打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。生动形象地说明该事物的××特点,增强了文章的趣味性。
⑦.画图表:使读者一目了然,非常直观形象地说明的事物的××特点。 ⑧.作诠释:对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明,使说明更通俗易懂。
下定义与作诠释的区别是:定义要求完整,而诠释并不要求完整,对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明,使说明更通俗易懂。可以颠倒。
⑨.摹状貌:对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹,使说明更具体生动形象。
⑩.引资料:能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征,增强说服力,如引用古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头,还起到引出说明对象的作用。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
阅读议论文,首先要了解议论文的特点。议论文有论点、论据、论证三大要素。只有把握住议论的这些特点,在阅读时才知道从何入手,怎样去读。
中考议论文答题技巧:
一、把握论点。
阅读议论文,最关键的是要找出文章的中心论点。大多数文章,标题只是提出了一个论题,中心论点隐含在文章的论述中。有的文章,标题就是中心论点。那么,作为论点的标题,一般是个表判断、表肯定的句子或短语。也有的文章,在开头提出中心论点。还有的文章,在行文当中或篇末提出中心论点。。
二、弄清论据。
阅读议论文,在抓住论点之后,还要弄清楚文中是用哪些论据来证明论点的。论据一般分为事实论据和道理论据两种。事实论据包括事例、史实、统计数字等。事实必须确凿可靠,有代表性。道理论据包括革命导师的正确论述和自然科学的原理、定律、公式等。此外,正确反映自然规律和人类生活的名人、谚语、格言等,也属于道理论据。
三、搞清论证方法及论证方式。
搞清论证方法,才能更好地把握、理解中心论点。要搞清论证方法,首先要了解常用的论证方法。经常使用的论证方法有:举例论证、道理论证、对比论证、比喻论证等。其次,还要明确议论文的.两种论证方式,即立论和驳论。立论就是针对事物或问题直接阐明自己的见解和主张;驳论就是通过反对错误或反动观点,从而树立起自己的正确观点。在驳论文中,用到的论证方法还有以子之矛攻子之盾及归谬法等。
四、理清议论文的结构。
阅读议论文,必须理清议论文的结构。议论文的结构一般分为提出问题、分析问题、解决问题三个部分,也就是引论、本论和结论。议论文的常见结构形式有:并列式,段落层次间是平行并列的关系;层进式,各部分之间是层进关系,即层层深入,步步推进;总分式,论证的层次间是总论和分论的关系,或先总后分,或先分后总,或总分总。驳论文的一般结构方式是:摆出错误论点、分析错误论点的实质及危害、得出正确的观点。
五、了解议论文的语言特点。
由于议论文是最贴近现实生活的一种文体,因而它的语言往往有鲜明的个性,或针砭时弊入木三分,或剖析事理一针见血,或讽刺社会不良风气毫不留情。除了严密的逻辑性外,遣词造句也是颇费心机的,我们在阅读时要细心。
【考点透视】
议论文的一般考点有:(1语言的积累与运用;(2寻找论点,弄清论点与论题的区别;(3辨识理解论证方法;(4理清议论结构;(5把握文意、层意、段意;(6理解论据选择的技巧;(7品析揣摩关键词语、重点句子含义及其表达作用;(8体会议论语言的准确性、严密性特点;(9理解中心句、支撑句及二者之间的关系;(10联系生活体验,理解作者的观点及写作意图;(11为观点寻找或补充论据;(12立论与驳论的区别等。
中考议论文答题技巧要熟知,把握住议论文的特点,在阅读时理清议论文的结构,相信在解答议论文的题目时就会变得很简单。
概括文段的中心句。 对策:
(1)思考该段说明的内容,不仅要注意主要的,还要注意次要的。
(2)紧扣表秩序的词语,如“首先”“其次”“还有”等词语,参照上下段落的中心句的句式进行概括。
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