如何管理我大学生活的英语作文【一】
知识管理是一种有意的策略，以促使合适的人适时地获得适当的知识，并协助人们分享信息以及展开行动，增进组织效能。知识管理是个不断螺旋循环的复杂过程，涉及了知识的收集、组织、分享、调适、使用、创新等。英语学习策略的知识管理可遵循以下步骤：
（一）学习策略知识的收集
学习策略是个人长期积累而来的、智能、秘诀等，是一种体验性知识，难以从外表察觉，属于高度个人化的隐性知识。知识管理的第一步就是要收集、确认学生使用的各种各样的英语学习策略。这个过程其实就是将隐性的学习策略知识转化为显性知识的过程。要收集真实可行的学习策略，教师可以通过问卷调查、行动研究、直接观察法、访谈法、自我反省等方法，了解学生在不同的情境或学习任务下，会使用哪些学习策略；也可以在学生实际执行某项学习任务时，要求他们边做边说出整个认知历程，以分析他们所使用的学习策略（有声思考法）；或者采用同侪教导法，即在成绩好的同学教导成绩差的同学或高年级学生教导低年级学生时，记录整个过程下来，从所教内容推知其所拥有的学习策略。
（二）学习策略的整理和归类
收集到学习策略知识后，应对其进行整理和归类。首先要对所收集到的学习策略加以分析，判断和筛选出有价值的策略以便传递和共享，并根据学习策略的类型加以归类。例如，可以借鉴学习策略研究专家Oxford对英语学习策略的分类[61：
（1）记忆策略（Memorystrategies）：帮助学生存取信息；
（2）认知策略（Cognitivestrateiges）：用于学习语言活动中，包括学习者如何接受语言材料、如何组织语言知识、如何理解语言结构、如何提高语言操作的技能等；
（3）补偿策略（Compensationstrategies）：使学生在自身语言知识不足的情况下仍然能够进行交流，例如利用非语言线索猜测意思、用同义词替代或迂回解释表达等；
（4）元认知策略（Metaeognitivestrategies）：用于对自己学习策略的使用进行评价、管理和监控；
（5）情感策略（Afectivestrategies）：帮助学生控制自己的情绪、动机、态度，保持信心；
（6）社交策略（Socialstrate．iges）：使学生为了争取更多的交际机会、维持交际以提高交际效果而采取的各种策略。
（三）学习策略知识的保存
整理和归类的过程是将显性知识转化为更为复杂或更为系统化显性知识的过程，然后需要再将这种形成团体共识的知识加以外显化，成为具体、明确且可有效使用的组织知识，这就是知识的保存。学习策略知识的保存方法有两种：一种是制作成学习策略使用手册，这种保存方式简便易行；另一种是运用信息科技，将知识编码，储存在计算机数据库中，并创建网页提供在线学习，这种方式能突破时空限制，便于检索，并能提供即时反馈。
（四）学习策略知识的传播与共享
知识管理所面临的最大挑战在于促进组织更有效地分享隐性知识。唯有通过密切的交流与分享，知识才能充分获得发展并发挥最大价值，进而提高学习成效。学习策略的传播方式主要有四种：直接训练、经验总结与分享、同侪教导、个别诊断与辅导的动态评价（主要是针对个别学生，先进行问题诊断再接学习辅导）。其中，第一种途径最为普遍。
直接进行策略训练常用的方法包括：讲座与讨论、讲习班、将策略编人教科书中、基于策略的英语教学，也可以将策略训练融人课堂教学中去。不少研究发现，策略训练能弥补学生因认知能力的不足而造成对学习的不利影响，当学生再次遇到类似学习任务时，就知道如何应用，也能获得较佳的学习效果。因此专家建议，学习策略的教学应采取直接教授为佳。要在课堂上渗透英语学习策略，教师可以采用隐藏式训练方式，即通过设计好的.材料和活动训练学生使用某策略。例如，通过完成课本中的练习，学生在学习中自行确定、模仿和自我评估诸如自我监控、记}乙、合作等各种学习策略。这样，策略训练就与常规课堂教学有机地结合在—起。教师也可以在学习过程中对某一策略进行详细解说，让学生辨析策略的使用，并示范如何将该策略应用于不同的学习情境，同时系统地给学生提供练习和自我评估的机会，让他们能将所接收到的知识加以组合与理解。下表以Ofxord归纳的六种学习策略为例，举例说明了这些策略在英语的听、说、读、写各项教学活动中可进行的训练方式。当然，根据学生所处的不同学习阶段和各自特点，教师可有选择地进行策略训练。随着学习策略训练时间的增加，学生的策略意识逐渐提高，就会发展出成功组织和进行自主学习的技巧“。他们对学习策略越熟练，就越能将学习策略加以迁移到新的学习情境。这样，教师在学生学习过程中所扮演的角色会逐渐减轻，而学生的学习责任则会日渐加重，符合现今“以学习者为中心”的教育潮流。
（五）学习策略知识的创新
知识管理的最终目的是知识的变革与创新，唯有将知识创新融入到教育中，教育才能持续发展与革新。要实现学习策略的创新，一方面在直接训练或分享他人经验的基础上，学生通常能创造出新的策略知识，而这些知识又能成为下一轮收集的对象。整个流程是一个周而复始的动态循环过程。另一方面，教师之间也可以进行知识的分享与合作，捕捉实际授课过程中激发的创意，发现新的适用的学习策略。就这样，新的知识又被创造出来，继而加以传播和分享，应用于实际的教学内容与情境之中，促使全体学生不断提高学习效益。
如何管理我大学生活的英语作文【二】
1.树立“以人为本”的核心理念，做好激励机制的顶层设计
要改变过去传统的僵化管理模式，坚持学校的一切管理活动都要以人为根本出发点，把人视为高校的财富和核心资源，唤醒人的主体意识，重视人的价值，发挥人的潜能，创造出一种以人为中心的、促进人的心灵的管理新机制。因此，高校管理不仅要关注教师和学生的利益、情感和价值追求，也应真正将管理人员当“人”来看待，尊重其价值和尊严，重视关怀管理人员的人性追求，使其最大限度地实现全面发展。首先要充分重视管理工作的重要性和价值，深刻认识到管理人员对于高校发展的战略意义，纠正对管理人员以及管理工作的种种偏见。一直以来，我国高校忽视了对管理科学本身的认识，或陷入“管理就是简单的自上而上颁布命令”的极左思维，或又单纯地认为“管理就是服务”，失去了其自身的科学性和生产力价值。其次，积极推进参与式管理，畅通普通管理者与高校决策层沟通的渠道，全面了解所有管理者对学校工作的意见和建议，了解管理者的需求；对于事关管理者切身利益的大事要广泛征求意见，给普通管理者参予政策制订的话语权；进一步扩大和落实管理者工作的自主权，使其能够放开手脚，以自己认为有效的方式开展工作，充分发挥自己的工作才能。
2.围绕实施性法规制度建设，完善管理队伍专业化管理模式
首先，要明确管理者的身份地位。国外许多国家对高校管理者的身份地位都有明确的法规和政策规定，如日本、德国等国家高校管理者是国家公务员，享受公务员对其相关权益的`保障。我国应抓紧出台一部专门的法律、法规明确规定高校管理者的性质、业务范围和法律地位。其次，要建立合理的薪酬制度。收入的高低常常被人们视为衡量社会地位高低的重要标准。一要做到收入具有可比性。严格执行《教师法》规定，使得高校管理者的工资水平不低于当地公务员的工资水平，全面改善管理者的工作和生活条件。二要做到稳定增加收入。管理者在任职期间内的收入应该按一定比例逐年增加，并与工作能力直接挂钩，工作能力强，收入高，激励管理者不断增强工作积极性。最后，要畅通管理者的职业发展通道。高校应采取多种晋升制度让管理者有更多的发展机会和空间。一是行政职务的直接提拔晋升。逐步取消“双肩挑”制度，直接从普通管理者中选拔优秀人才晋升管理领导岗位。对于目前具有学术背景的管理干部，必须要求他们在担任行政管理岗位期间不再从事教学、科研活动，使其全心全意从事管理工作。二是岗位轮换。通过不同管理岗位的锻炼不仅能开阔管理者的工作视野，提高他们的实际能力，调动他们的积极性和创造性。
3.整合教育资源，奠定管理队伍激励机制的前提和基础
首先，采取“扁平化”的管理组织结构。“扁平化”的管理是指通过压缩职能管理部门尽可能地减少中间管理层次，实现管理幅度的增加，也就是用最少的人力物力实现管理的最优化，使有限的教育资源得以更加合理的分配。而实现“扁平化”管理的基础就是充分发挥每个管理者的潜能和特长。可以说，采取“扁平化”管理为管理者各种能力的发挥提供了组织保障，因此有利于调动管理者的积极性。其次，开展“经营管理”，实现利益共享。在高校的经营管理中，建立管理者收入与责任轻重、经营成果及资产增值挂钩。依据高校的经济效益，构建管理者与其工作业绩挂钩的薪酬结构。这种利益共享的方式把管理者的收益与高校的发展紧密地联系在一起，更能起到长期激励的作用。
如何管理我大学生活的英语作文【三】
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先，提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段：提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段：正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段：摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次，提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性，连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity：段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛，也不可太具体，做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明，另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence：关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰，层层展开。
完整性(completeness：以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头，这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次，提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型：It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单，注意练习并接句的使用，会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as，如：
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头，句式简单，我们可以通过把since提前改变句式，如：
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后，提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法：millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论，辩论”的意思，而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.，相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略：使用最近所学的单词，如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后，我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文，以供参考：
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
如何管理我大学生活的英语作文【四】
organizations
who are managers
A manager is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished.
How do we define who managers are
we have first-line managers, the lowest level of management ,manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who typically are involved with producing the organization’s products or servicing the organization’s customers. First-line managers often have the title of supervisor, but they may also called shift managers, district managers, department managers, office managers, or even foreperson. middle managers include all levels of management between the first level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as regional manager, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. At or near the upper levels of the organizational structure are the top managers, who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairperson.
what is management
management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.
Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs.
Effectiveness is often described as doing things right, that is, not wasting resources.
what do managers do
management researchers have, after many years of study, developed three specific categorization schemes to describe what managers do: functions, roles, and skills. management functions
Planning: managers define goals, establish strategies for achieving those goals, and develop plans to integrate and coordinate activities.
organizing: managers are responsible for arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organization’s goals.
Leading: managers motivate subordinate, help resolve work group conflicts, influence individuals or teams as they work, select the most effective communication channel, or deal in any way with employee behavior issues.
controlling: managers have to monitor, compare and correct everything that is deviating. management roles
The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior.
Interpersonal roles are roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial symbolic in nature. The three interpersonal roles include figurehead, leader, and liaison.
Informational roles involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information. The three informational roles are monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.
Decisional roles entail making decisions or choices. The four decisional roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.
management skills
Technical skills are the job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform specific tasks. These skills tend to be more important for lower-level managers because they typically are managing employees who are suing tools and techniques to produce the organization’s products or service the organization’s customers.
Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because managers deal directly with people, these skills are essential and equally important at all levels of management.
conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers must see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment.
How the manager’s job is changing
what is an organization
An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.
Becoming a manager
1． Keep up with current business news.
2． Read books about good and bad examples of managing.
3． Remember that one of the things good managers do is discover what is unique about each
person and capitalize on it.
4． Keep in mind the simple advice of the late Peter Drucker, who has been called the most
influential management thinker of the twentieth century: management is about people.
5． work on your soft skills—work ethic, communications, information gathering, and people
skills. These are what employers cite as the most important factors for getting jobs.
6． observe managers and how they handle people and situations.
7． Talk actual managers about their experiences—good and bad.
8． Get experience in managing by taking on leadership roles in student organizations.
9． Start thinking about whether you’d enjoy being a manager.
