托福作文打分机制【一】
资源约束的主要表现为管理队伍建设经费投入的不足。高校大规模扩招，但所获取的办学资源却没有得到较大改善，即使利用银行贷款，也主要用来加大校园改造和建设力度，而用于人才队伍建设上的经费则很少。特别是在我国现行的评价体系下，高校一般对教学和科研比较重视，对管理队伍建设上投入的经费就更少了。为维持高校的正常运转，也为很多高校“创一流”的目标，高校一方面对管理工作提出了更高的要求和目标，对管理人员的素质也提出了更高的标准和要求，另一方面高校又普遍忽视管理人员的需求和情感，对管理队伍的建设缺乏重视和长远规划，而且在涉及管理队伍和师资队伍的相关利益抉择时往往会牺牲管理人员的利益，这种状况极易造成管理者的心理失衡，挫伤管理者的工作积极性。而且管理工作的特殊性决定了其不易出成果，管理业绩又较少与个人联系在一起，这不利于实现知识分子个人价值的普遍愿望，因此从内驱力来说管理者也没有足够的工作动力和热情。
托福作文打分机制【二】
The Lord and the Hermit
Once upon a time there was a rapacious lord. He was relentless to his tenants and quelled them by placing quotas to their living condition. Soon he collected quantitatively great revenue and lived in a radiate palace. He was also renowned for his queer clothes.
One day the lord’s disease relapsed, so he rallied his subordinates for help. One of them said: “I’ve heard of a recluse who knows regimen well residing nearby. Why not visit his residence for help?” Another retorted: “Be prudent, maybe it is only a rumor.” But the rash lord was filled with rapture and ratified the visiting plan.??
On the next Sunday, the lord purged himself, held a quaint rite and started for the hermit’s home. They passed rugged rustic passages full of paddles and the lord almost recoiled. Finally they arrived. The lord felt disappointed at the recluse’s reception, but he wouldn’t relinquish the chance and talked to the hermit with reverence.
The hermit ruminated and reverted to the main topic in a pungent voice: “I’ve heard lots of your ravenous deeds. You retract the land you’ve distributed to the farmers and order them to redeem their land. You must redress your guilt and rehabilitate their freedom. Reimburse their respective debts and build refuge for them. You can retain the residue of your property.”??
The lord was reluctant to renounce his wealth and be rent from his palace. He rebuked: “Your advice is too reckless. I’m resolute not to accept it.”
“Why so repulsive? You cannot repudiate my words.” The hermit reiterated his suggestion and its resonance echoed. “Remit their taxes with rebates, or a riot is imminent.”
The lord again refuted. At last he went back in remorse.
托福作文打分机制【三】
1.树立“以人为本”的核心理念，做好激励机制的顶层设计
要改变过去传统的僵化管理模式，坚持学校的一切管理活动都要以人为根本出发点，把人视为高校的财富和核心资源，唤醒人的主体意识，重视人的价值，发挥人的潜能，创造出一种以人为中心的、促进人的心灵的管理新机制。因此，高校管理不仅要关注教师和学生的利益、情感和价值追求，也应真正将管理人员当“人”来看待，尊重其价值和尊严，重视关怀管理人员的人性追求，使其最大限度地实现全面发展。首先要充分重视管理工作的重要性和价值，深刻认识到管理人员对于高校发展的战略意义，纠正对管理人员以及管理工作的种种偏见。一直以来，我国高校忽视了对管理科学本身的认识，或陷入“管理就是简单的自上而上颁布命令”的极左思维，或又单纯地认为“管理就是服务”，失去了其自身的科学性和生产力价值。其次，积极推进参与式管理，畅通普通管理者与高校决策层沟通的渠道，全面了解所有管理者对学校工作的意见和建议，了解管理者的需求；对于事关管理者切身利益的大事要广泛征求意见，给普通管理者参予政策制订的话语权；进一步扩大和落实管理者工作的自主权，使其能够放开手脚，以自己认为有效的方式开展工作，充分发挥自己的工作才能。
2.围绕实施性法规制度建设，完善管理队伍专业化管理模式
首先，要明确管理者的身份地位。国外许多国家对高校管理者的身份地位都有明确的法规和政策规定，如日本、德国等国家高校管理者是国家公务员，享受公务员对其相关权益的`保障。我国应抓紧出台一部专门的法律、法规明确规定高校管理者的性质、业务范围和法律地位。其次，要建立合理的薪酬制度。收入的高低常常被人们视为衡量社会地位高低的重要标准。一要做到收入具有可比性。严格执行《教师法》规定，使得高校管理者的工资水平不低于当地公务员的工资水平，全面改善管理者的工作和生活条件。二要做到稳定增加收入。管理者在任职期间内的收入应该按一定比例逐年增加，并与工作能力直接挂钩，工作能力强，收入高，激励管理者不断增强工作积极性。最后，要畅通管理者的职业发展通道。高校应采取多种晋升制度让管理者有更多的发展机会和空间。一是行政职务的直接提拔晋升。逐步取消“双肩挑”制度，直接从普通管理者中选拔优秀人才晋升管理领导岗位。对于目前具有学术背景的管理干部，必须要求他们在担任行政管理岗位期间不再从事教学、科研活动，使其全心全意从事管理工作。二是岗位轮换。通过不同管理岗位的锻炼不仅能开阔管理者的工作视野，提高他们的实际能力，调动他们的积极性和创造性。
3.整合教育资源，奠定管理队伍激励机制的前提和基础
首先，采取“扁平化”的管理组织结构。“扁平化”的管理是指通过压缩职能管理部门尽可能地减少中间管理层次，实现管理幅度的增加，也就是用最少的人力物力实现管理的最优化，使有限的教育资源得以更加合理的分配。而实现“扁平化”管理的基础就是充分发挥每个管理者的潜能和特长。可以说，采取“扁平化”管理为管理者各种能力的发挥提供了组织保障，因此有利于调动管理者的积极性。其次，开展“经营管理”，实现利益共享。在高校的经营管理中，建立管理者收入与责任轻重、经营成果及资产增值挂钩。依据高校的经济效益，构建管理者与其工作业绩挂钩的薪酬结构。这种利益共享的方式把管理者的收益与高校的发展紧密地联系在一起，更能起到长期激励的作用。
托福作文打分机制【四】
Prisoners of War?
Thousands of war prisoners were kept in captivity in the bulky camp. They lived in clutter and had to deal with chore. They must show categorical obedience or else receive caustic chiding. The guarding officers censure them very often, as well as clamoring carnal punishments. Some captives got bruise and clots all over. Male prisoners lost their collaterals and female ones fail to keep chaste.??
They wear burnished canvas, and rested in circumscribed room with small capacity and caliber. They chafe each other and brawled frequently. They were chary of moving and can hardly budge. Their situations captivated lots of reporters, who castigated the government with cogent proof. However, the government gave bombastic data and bragged about the conditions in the camps.??
After the calamity of war ceased, large numbers of captives were longing for the boon of brisk free life. According to a clandestine bond between the two canny governments, a process of exchanging captives will soon commence. This is considered as opening a cleft in the clogged wall between the two countries.
托福作文打分机制【五】
按图表写，首先要读懂图表，理解其包含的信息。为此目的，应注意三点：第一是读懂标题，明白图表的目的；第二是研究图表主题，理解各项内容及其之间的联系；第三是注意图表的说明或图例，以免误解。总之，对图表的研究要仔细,理解和判断要准确，不能草率做出决定，以免在文章内容方面丢分。
读懂图表之后，立即思考文章应表达的内容。这里,我们应该明白两个制约因素：其一是作文写作时间只有二十多分钟，不可能长篇大论；其二是图表内容繁多，不可能一一说明，也不能写成枯燥无味的'流水账。考虑取舍时,应注意总的趋势，概貌，相互关系，典型的例子或数据，抓住这些之后，其他的内容实际上也包含在其中，不必再提及。
文章的写法没有固定的模式，但因题材的限制，变化太大也不可能。第一段必须说明图表的性质与目的，没有这一点，文章的主题难以突出。自然段的划分以清楚明了为原则，例如第一段谈图表的目的，其余自然段应当以所谈要点划分，最后一段可谈自己的理解和看法(也可不谈。写作时的关键是每个要点谈完后,应给出例证，把该说地说完,然后再进入下一要点，不能不顾文章条理,把想到的内容随便乱放。
再语言方式上，要注意句式的变化，尽量避免反复使用某一句型。再并列情况较多时，设法采用连结词或关系词将领岁的内容串在一起，为文章的主题服务。全文的思路可以用主题句，自然段,逻辑词等手法表明，使读者感到作者的思路清晰，感到全文是个有机的整体。遇到众多雷同的词汇短语时，能变化的尽量变化，无力变化时可用句式变化弥补。
托福作文打分机制【六】
Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi was the peerless precursor of India national independence movement as well as a provident politician with prodigious probity. Grown up in penury, he was a pious posterity of the Indian people and had no prodigal penchants.
Fighting for the perennial independence of India, Gandhi is propped by many followers. He told them to keep placid and proscribed violence which may pervert people, for he knew profoundly, if that prevails, their prestige would be profaned and the movement would fall in plight. As a result, he kept placating his followers by plotting petitions with percussions and pleaded with the British colonists with propriety to accept their plausible proposals. Local governors professed his process permissible, and his minions proliferated.
As Gandhi’s propensity to become independent protruded and his profuse methods of struggle protracted, the colonists were prodded and pensive. They fear that the poise would be broken and fights would pervade. So they prosecuted Gandhi for pilferage of poultries and plunged the plaintiff into the penal jail. The jail keeper was prone to sympathy and made special food provision for Gandhi by pecking the jail wall. Their precious proximity was not perpetuated. Soon the keeper was precluded from touching Gandhi and Gandhi lost his preference.??
A prolific playwright wrote a play about Gandhi with pertinent topic recently. In the prelude of the play he premised that Gandhi was still alive. When the play was on, it precipitated and the perspective of the city’s profile became picturesque.
