1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
青春如同一粒种子,安逸过了,也许从此丧失萌芽的活力。生命只给人一次青春,我选择追求,去追求生命的梦想,放飞生命的色彩。我要让青春像风帆一样,在狂风摇曳波浪敲击的时候,也要潇洒地走一回,哪怕最终被风浪淘汰,也无悔这一生毕竟经历了富有意义的旅行。
我要让青春象寒梅一样,在冰天雪地的日子也要吐一吐我的芳香,哪怕最后还是无可奈何花落去,也无怨自己曾经拥有的美丽。
青春是我们积累自己,丰富自己的最佳时机。我们正处于精力最旺盛的时代,也是我们学习奋斗的最佳时机。我们在一起可以彼此激励,一起努力向前冲刺,一起为自身的目标而努力。因为彼此间的不服气,一心想超越别人,所以我们也就有了前进、拼搏的动力,才会在课堂上认真听老师讲课,认真记笔记,那时还不知道最大的敌人就是自己。
征途是曲曲折折的小路,有寒冰,有大雨,有绊脚石。不知道前面的路是深不可测渊池,还是风平浪静的湖面;也不知道前面的路是崎岖坎坷的羊肠小道,还是布满鲜花的阳光大道。我不管,我不管路上的荆棘也不顾前方的危险,系紧我的鞋带上路。
辛酸的汗水伴随着我艰难的脚步,兴奋的泪水伴随着我成功的喜悦,只要到达了的地方,都是昨天的历史,我追求的.是明天的未来。当胜利再次悄悄来临,当掌声再次热烈的响起,我不骄也不燥。因为我知道前面的路还很长,因为我知道我还得付出更大的努力。当大雨再次冲刷过喜悦,当冰雪再次湮没过兴奋,我无怨也无悔。因为我知道我已经有所行动,有所付出,就有所收获,就有所成功。因为我知道,阳光总在风雨后,梅花香自苦寒来。
“地上本没有路,走的人多了,就成了路”。而我想说的是:“人生路无须过多的忧虑,只要迈出脚步,路就在脚下展开……”
青春我们的梦,我们人生最美好的时光。
坚持,是一种态度,是大家必有而又难得珍存的一种态度。因此,坚持也需坚持。
尖锐的上课铃刺激着大家还未缓神的大脑,各个同学的脸上都笑意中夹杂着悲愤:“真讨厌!昨天考试没让复习,今天考试突然来袭,不知明天又会有哪个老师不明不白地临时测试……”同学们都七嘴八舌地互相“倾诉苦衷”,我也不例外,谁叫我与他们一样都是同一团队里的——学生!
“老师来了……”没等我反应过来,只能随风起浪似的与同学们同时住了嘴。考试卷子赫然的难,我不禁轻轻地皱了眉头。
笔不知被我快虚脱得手晃荡了几下,才进入正题——附加题。
“咳,大家都快看到附加题,这次把这一题算入总分,总分110分!”什么!我觉得数学老师似乎存心刁难我,让我在大众面前出一次丑。老师带有“***”意的双眼好像有意无意地盯着我,难道她瞧见了我的心中无底了?顿时,杂乱的数字已变得多而复杂。
我想:满分不能就此而空虚!汗水从掌心滑到笔杆,滑得令我心里恐慌,安神不定;胜利不能就此而丢弃!汗珠顺着下巴滴滴落在卷子上,让本来弄得我手足无措的字迹变得更模糊了;努力不能就此而浪费!身为自身的我,怎能坐视不管呢?我不相信我的满分就将要被寂静而又惊慌所取代!秒针一格一格地挪动着,走得是那么令人疼痛,滑得是那么有些无情,我恨自己的懦弱!
为什么我不能与别人一样在紧要关头奋笔疾书呢?我要为我自己而奋斗!
一叶红叶,一叶黄叶,枯燥的落叶带给我一个宁心静阔的舞台让我唱独角戏,我则是在草稿本上演算复杂的算式,像是计算这未来的人生……
我懂了!懂了题,也懂了人生……
人生不能没有坚持,坚持是为人生开启黄金大道的一扇门。因此,“坚持”也需要坚持
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