学会管理自己的生活英语作文初中（在生活中提高自我管理英语作文） - 学习作文网

学会管理自己的生活英语作文初中【一】

organizations

who are managers

A manager is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished.

How do we define who managers are

we have first-line managers, the lowest level of management ,manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who typically are involved with producing the organization’s products or servicing the organization’s customers. First-line managers often have the title of supervisor, but they may also called shift managers, district managers, department managers, office managers, or even foreperson. middle managers include all levels of management between the first level and the top level of the organization. These managers manage the work of first-line managers and may have titles such as regional manager, project leader, plant manager, or division manager. At or near the upper levels of the organizational structure are the top managers, who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that affect the entire organization. These individuals typically have titles such as executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairperson.

what is management

management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.

Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs.

Effectiveness is often described as doing things right, that is, not wasting resources.

what do managers do

management researchers have, after many years of study, developed three specific categorization schemes to describe what managers do: functions, roles, and skills. management functions

Planning: managers define goals, establish strategies for achieving those goals, and develop plans to integrate and coordinate activities.

organizing: managers are responsible for arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organization’s goals.

Leading: managers motivate subordinate, help resolve work group conflicts, influence individuals or teams as they work, select the most effective communication channel, or deal in any way with employee behavior issues.

controlling: managers have to monitor, compare and correct everything that is deviating. management roles

The term management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior.

Interpersonal roles are roles that involve people and other duties that are ceremonial symbolic in nature. The three interpersonal roles include figurehead, leader, and liaison.

Informational roles involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information. The three informational roles are monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.

Decisional roles entail making decisions or choices. The four decisional roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.

management skills

Technical skills are the job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform specific tasks. These skills tend to be more important for lower-level managers because they typically are managing employees who are suing tools and techniques to produce the organization’s products or service the organization’s customers.

Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because managers deal directly with people, these skills are essential and equally important at all levels of management.

conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers must see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment.

How the manager’s job is changing

what is an organization

An organization is a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.

Becoming a manager

1． Keep up with current business news.

2． Read books about good and bad examples of managing.

3． Remember that one of the things good managers do is discover what is unique about each

person and capitalize on it.

4． Keep in mind the simple advice of the late Peter Drucker, who has been called the most

influential management thinker of the twentieth century: management is about people.

5． work on your soft skills—work ethic, communications, information gathering, and people

skills. These are what employers cite as the most important factors for getting jobs.

6． observe managers and how they handle people and situations.

7． Talk actual managers about their experiences—good and bad.

8． Get experience in managing by taking on leadership roles in student organizations.

9． Start thinking about whether you’d enjoy being a manager.

学会管理自己的生活英语作文初中【二】

知识管理是一种有意的策略，以促使合适的人适时地获得适当的知识，并协助人们分享信息以及展开行动，增进组织效能。知识管理是个不断螺旋循环的复杂过程，涉及了知识的收集、组织、分享、调适、使用、创新等。英语学习策略的知识管理可遵循以下步骤：

（一）学习策略知识的收集

学习策略是个人长期积累而来的、智能、秘诀等，是一种体验性知识，难以从外表察觉，属于高度个人化的隐性知识。知识管理的第一步就是要收集、确认学生使用的各种各样的英语学习策略。这个过程其实就是将隐性的学习策略知识转化为显性知识的过程。要收集真实可行的学习策略，教师可以通过问卷调查、行动研究、直接观察法、访谈法、自我反省等方法，了解学生在不同的情境或学习任务下，会使用哪些学习策略；也可以在学生实际执行某项学习任务时，要求他们边做边说出整个认知历程，以分析他们所使用的学习策略（有声思考法）；或者采用同侪教导法，即在成绩好的同学教导成绩差的同学或高年级学生教导低年级学生时，记录整个过程下来，从所教内容推知其所拥有的学习策略。

（二）学习策略的整理和归类

收集到学习策略知识后，应对其进行整理和归类。首先要对所收集到的学习策略加以分析，判断和筛选出有价值的策略以便传递和共享，并根据学习策略的类型加以归类。例如，可以借鉴学习策略研究专家Oxford对英语学习策略的分类[61：

（1）记忆策略（Memorystrategies）：帮助学生存取信息；

（2）认知策略（Cognitivestrateiges）：用于学习语言活动中，包括学习者如何接受语言材料、如何组织语言知识、如何理解语言结构、如何提高语言操作的技能等；

（3）补偿策略（Compensationstrategies）：使学生在自身语言知识不足的情况下仍然能够进行交流，例如利用非语言线索猜测意思、用同义词替代或迂回解释表达等；

（4）元认知策略（Metaeognitivestrategies）：用于对自己学习策略的使用进行评价、管理和监控；

（5）情感策略（Afectivestrategies）：帮助学生控制自己的情绪、动机、态度，保持信心；

（6）社交策略（Socialstrate．iges）：使学生为了争取更多的交际机会、维持交际以提高交际效果而采取的各种策略。

（三）学习策略知识的保存

整理和归类的过程是将显性知识转化为更为复杂或更为系统化显性知识的过程，然后需要再将这种形成团体共识的知识加以外显化，成为具体、明确且可有效使用的组织知识，这就是知识的保存。学习策略知识的保存方法有两种：一种是制作成学习策略使用手册，这种保存方式简便易行；另一种是运用信息科技，将知识编码，储存在计算机数据库中，并创建网页提供在线学习，这种方式能突破时空限制，便于检索，并能提供即时反馈。

（四）学习策略知识的传播与共享

知识管理所面临的最大挑战在于促进组织更有效地分享隐性知识。唯有通过密切的交流与分享，知识才能充分获得发展并发挥最大价值，进而提高学习成效。学习策略的传播方式主要有四种：直接训练、经验总结与分享、同侪教导、个别诊断与辅导的动态评价（主要是针对个别学生，先进行问题诊断再接学习辅导）。其中，第一种途径最为普遍。

直接进行策略训练常用的方法包括：讲座与讨论、讲习班、将策略编人教科书中、基于策略的英语教学，也可以将策略训练融人课堂教学中去。不少研究发现，策略训练能弥补学生因认知能力的不足而造成对学习的不利影响，当学生再次遇到类似学习任务时，就知道如何应用，也能获得较佳的学习效果。因此专家建议，学习策略的教学应采取直接教授为佳。要在课堂上渗透英语学习策略，教师可以采用隐藏式训练方式，即通过设计好的.材料和活动训练学生使用某策略。例如，通过完成课本中的练习，学生在学习中自行确定、模仿和自我评估诸如自我监控、记}乙、合作等各种学习策略。这样，策略训练就与常规课堂教学有机地结合在—起。教师也可以在学习过程中对某一策略进行详细解说，让学生辨析策略的使用，并示范如何将该策略应用于不同的学习情境，同时系统地给学生提供练习和自我评估的机会，让他们能将所接收到的知识加以组合与理解。下表以Ofxord归纳的六种学习策略为例，举例说明了这些策略在英语的听、说、读、写各项教学活动中可进行的训练方式。当然，根据学生所处的不同学习阶段和各自特点，教师可有选择地进行策略训练。随着学习策略训练时间的增加，学生的策略意识逐渐提高，就会发展出成功组织和进行自主学习的技巧“。他们对学习策略越熟练，就越能将学习策略加以迁移到新的学习情境。这样，教师在学生学习过程中所扮演的角色会逐渐减轻，而学生的学习责任则会日渐加重，符合现今“以学习者为中心”的教育潮流。

（五）学习策略知识的创新

知识管理的最终目的是知识的变革与创新，唯有将知识创新融入到教育中，教育才能持续发展与革新。要实现学习策略的创新，一方面在直接训练或分享他人经验的基础上，学生通常能创造出新的策略知识，而这些知识又能成为下一轮收集的对象。整个流程是一个周而复始的动态循环过程。另一方面，教师之间也可以进行知识的分享与合作，捕捉实际授课过程中激发的创意，发现新的适用的学习策略。就这样，新的知识又被创造出来，继而加以传播和分享，应用于实际的教学内容与情境之中，促使全体学生不断提高学习效益。