1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
早就听说人民公园景色美,神往已久,今天我有幸身临其境,的确名不虚传。
走进公园,映入眼帘的是一块大理石,上面是四个火红的大字:人民公园,格外醒目。
大理石后面是一座假山,虽然被铁丝网环绕着,但仍有游人翻越铁丝网爬上山去,大概是山顶的景色太诱人了吧!山上虽然都是黄土,可上面仍然生机勃勃。瞧,这面长了几棵昂首挺胸,枝繁叶茂的松 树,那面种了几棵虽矮小却十分茂盛的倒栽槐。地上绿草丛生,草地上盛开着各种各样的野花。看,这边长着一簇簇天蓝色的“仙女草”,还有一些叫不出名字的野花在山上扎根结蒂,煞是迷人。
假山背面是一个人工湖,又名“落花胡”,因为八月时节,湖畔的桂花经常飘落于湖面,所以此湖就有了“落花胡”这个美丽的名字。当你租一条小船,划到湖中央,或站在小桥上观察湖水,你都会发 现,无论站在哪个角度,水都是翠绿色的。透过青绿的湖水,你可以看见那一条条可爱的小鱼正在欢快地游来游去,忽而潜入水底,忽而又一跃而起,把游人都逗乐了。
再往东北处划,就是整个公园最美丽的小花园。里面生意盎然:树木顶天立地,最矮的树也得有3米高:地上小花小草虽然不起眼,但也十分茂盛,古诗说:“野火烧不尽,春风吹又生。”就形容杂草生 命力的强盛。在这里,来锻炼的人最多,而且大多数都是老年人。因为这里空气好,健身器材多。在这里不仅可以强身健体,海可以呼吸到新鲜空气,实在是一举两得。
人民公园不仅仅是赏心悦目,而且能陶冶人的情操,实在是热闹中一绝佳的去处。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
我的家在蓬中乡,那里风景优美,空气格外清新,是一个可爱的地方。尤其是我们学校前面的公园。
春天,小草从大地妈妈的怀抱中探出嫩绿的小脑袋。被风一吹,它们就像喝醉的小伙子一样。在小草的旁边种着许许多多的花:茉莉花、菊花、夜来香等等。其中最美丽的就是夜来香。夜来香的叶子 翠绿欲滴,形状还想爱心桃似的,不仔细看,还以为叶子破了洞呢!夜来香刚长出来的花骨朵儿,样子像小花生似的,十分可爱!黄色的小花渐渐展开了笑脸。风姑娘用她那轻飘的衣袖拂过,夜来香们 摆动着柔软的身躯,随风舞动,是那么美丽,是那么自然啊!
夏天,树叶翠绿欲滴,树叶长得密密麻麻,远远望去,好像一把碧绿的大雨伞。拿“雨伞”在火辣辣的太阳下挺身而出,为我们遮阴。孩子们有的在下面下象棋,有的在下面追逐玩耍……如果下起蒙 蒙细雨,它们又能为我们遮风挡雨,就像一位位战士似的保护整个公园。
秋天,树叶变黄了。被风一吹,好像一只只黄蝴蝶在空中翩翩飞舞着。有的落到小河里变成了小船;有的落到草地上,远远望去,就像一张金黄色的地毯。许多花都凋谢了,只有菊花开得那么灿烂。
冬天,玉树琼枝倒挂在水边成了一个粉妆玉砌的世界。小河静静的,仿佛也在冬眠。嘘!不要吵醒她们__但愿它们做个好梦!
我家乡的公园一年四季景色宜人,请你有空来我的家乡公园游玩吧!
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
清晨,第一缕阳光照在了我的脸颊上。我立刻睁开了眼睛,因为我知道,今天我们全家要去千等万等了一个星期的“徐州湿地公园”
一个小时的车程,但在我们的欢声笑语中显得格外的快。“到了,到了!看!”我终于看到了湿地公园的大门!刚一进门,我就看到了许许多多的风筝,1只、2只、3只……根本数不清!他们就好像是在半空中的小鸟,无忧无虑的在无边无际的空中翱翔着。
我们首先来到了主公园。那里的桃花一排一排的,还时不时摆动着她那花枝招展的手臂,好像在说:“快来和我拍照啊!”妈妈一看到美丽的桃花,像箭一般的冲了过去,迫不及待的拿出相机让我给她拍照,我也只好恭敬不如从命了。
接着,我们又来到了柳树盛开的地方——湖畔。这里太美了!微风吹过,湖面上泛起一道道白色的浪花,柳姑娘抚摸着自己那柔顺的秀发。人们纷纷拿出相机,“咔嚓”、“咔嚓”的声音不绝于耳。我想:难道春天出来游玩是听别人的照相机声?我不禁失声笑了起来。
下午一点半,我们坐上了观光船。我怀着兴奋的心情上了船。船“呜呜”的发动了,刚走一会,我就看见几只出来晒太阳的小水鸭,他们个个都是“大师”!不是我吹!它们的绝招就是“轻功水上漂”——两只翅膀扇动着,脚掌点着水面,快速的向前滑动。怎么样?厉害吧?爸爸说,一只小鸭可以在水上漂10米多!一只成年水鸭在水上可飘好几十米的距离!这水鸭真是太厉害了!不知道它们收不收人类徒弟?
啊!这就是春天的湿地公园!真是太美丽了!
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