1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
it was in hot summer that i took a trip to qingdao, a port city in shandong province, one afternoon, i decided to go to the seaside to get relief from the heat. for the first time in my life, i swam in the sea.
at first, i was worried because though i was not a bad swimmer in the swimming pool, the sea was different. the waves coming one after another to the shore made a great noise and i thought they were going to swallow me up. i was terrified. cautiously and slowly, i went close to the water. how cold it was! i was just about to give it up when i suddenly caught sight of a small boy who was about a head shorter than me. weak as he seemed, he went straight into the sea without hesitation. i felt a little ashamed.“what a timid girl i am!”i said to myself.www
encouraged by his bravery , i continued advancing. soon all of my body was covered by water. before i got ready for a dive, a wave came over. it struck my face heavily and the water went into my eyes, nose and mouth. how bitter and salty it tasted! but i was not discouraged at all. i wiped off the water on my face, took a deep breath, and began swimming happily.
the waves became larger and larger, as if the sea was angry with me. when i saw a wave in the distance, i would hold my breath, and just before it came to where i was, i jumped up and easily kept myself from it. how exciting! i was just like lying on the clouds!
all that afternoon, i swam and jumped and had a very good time. when finally i had to leave, i took a last look at the sea. the waves were still beating the shore, but i was no longer frightened. “i must thank that little boy,”i said to myself.“it was he who gave me the courage.”
那天,我和几个同学在家实在待不住,于是就和几个同学结伴去池塘里游泳。刚下水,一阵冰凉之意涌了上来,我心里开心到:哼哼,下一次再来。正当我开心时,脚一滑,一瞬间,我被水给吞没了,因为那时我还不会游泳,所以我手忙脚乱,企图想把身体往上浮,可身体就是不上去,而是一直往下沉。正当我绝望时,一只手抓住了我的手臂,我顿时看见了希望的火花,那火花渐渐成了雄雄大火,快了,快了,终于,我“重见天日”了。从水中探出头的我得这救命恩人道谢道:“谢谢你救了我,”“不会游泳就别游,”他讽刺了我一下又跳回来水里,看着他们在水中游来游去,我也好想去,可是我却不会游泳,我只好沮丧的回了家
星期一时,我们听老师说那个池塘里淹死了好几个人,从那以后我们再也不敢去池塘里游泳了。
More hot days, the public swimming pool has become a favored place, leisure Xiaoshu, we can feel good fitness. A pool of blue water, has a lovely, but there is also potential danger. When launched, it is necessary to strengthen self-protection, can not be taken lightly.
Children can not be launched personal, leisure areas and should have his or her parents; swimming beginners should be 1.4 meters below the shallow waters, and not alone in the pool practicing "Bieqi" so as not to choke water accidents, not in shallow water , The water in the region, "Zha Mengzi" to prevent head impact the bottom or wall are dangerous.
Special needs to be emphasized is that alcoholics do not swim. Because people in the consumption of wine, after dinner, more blood will flow of movement of organs and skin, which will make brain blood supply shortage. And alcoholics in the water to breathe, his head constantly about swing and the head, bow, coupled with wave Dangyangguanru ears, the brain will be to stimulate the vestibular organ, causing dizziness and loss of balance, are dangerous.
1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
On a sunny day, down by the river, a fishermen -who does not know how to swim- is in a world of his own, waiting for the fish to surrender and be the man's catch of the day, but in a slight error, the man slipped and fell into the river, all was seen by a young man who just happened to pass by, saw the whole scenario and saved the fishermen, the fishermen was quite ashame of himself for he a fishermen who can not swim, after the accident, the fishermen gave enough thought into wanting to learn to swim and thus beginning lessons for amatures whom do not know how to swim.
1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
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