例8.每个人降临人世时都没有翅膀,惟有读书才能使生命飞翔。(重庆满分文《读书——生命飞翔的羽翼》开头这章的思路相当开阔,一般人很少将读书和“翅膀”话题联系在一起,考生一开头以比喻句“每个人降临人世时都没有翅膀,惟有读书才能使生命飞翔”开启下文,很好地凸现了文章的主旨“读书——生命飞翔的羽翼”。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
例11.幸福是什么?(山东济宁满分文《幸福小语》文章以“幸福是什么?”开头,独句成段,发人深思,引起下文。下文分别用“司马迁说”“陶潜说”“李太白说”“刘禹锡说”“陈景润说”“林肯说”“甘地说”“我说”来高度概括8个人的幸福观,起到了“万箭攒射”的效果。作者丰厚的积累可见一斑。
例2.叶子,是不会飞翔的翅膀;翅膀,是落在天上的叶子。(重庆满分文《翅膀,落在天上的叶子》题记 这个题记采用比喻的方法来揭示“翅膀”和“叶子”的关系。“翅膀”和“叶子”怎么可以划上等于号呢?这个疑问,犹如一个谜团,一下子勾起阅读者的好奇心,只有当你读完全文才知道这是一篇“丑小鸭变成小天鹅”翻版的童话故事,作者用一个落叶代替“丑小鸭”,写他的无悔选择,写他的执著梦想,写他的美好心灵,新颖独到,让人耳目一新。
例5.我是魔鬼,是一个心中住着天使的魔鬼。(山东滨州满分文〈让天使永驻心中〉开头文章题目是“让天使永驻心中”,可开头就是一句“我是魔鬼”,让人感觉奇怪。再往下,第个段落的开头句都是“我是魔鬼”,一直到最后,细读才会领略到此反向立意的妙处是在突出“安琪儿”。
例4.早晨8点刚过,一位怒容满面的妈妈就扯着一个个子高高的男孩推开了张教授办公室的门。一进门,妈妈就开始向张教授数落孩子的不是。而那个男孩似乎满不在乎,总是抬着头看天花板,身体还在不停地晃动着。时不时的还回上一句表示反对。(山东莱芜满分文《其实并不是这样》文章开头大肆渲染母亲眼中孩子的“不好”,可到了教授那里,教授反而轻易地就指出了孩子的“优点”,这样的对比,只能说明一点,其实并不是孩子不好,是“母亲”的眼光有问题,教育孩子的思想有问题。
例6.“王蜂一口针,橘子两边分。世间痛恨事,最毒妇人心。”自从《水浒》一问世,人们便拿此评价其中的人物——潘金莲。这个人物形象成了人们心目中心狠手毒的妇女的典型。潘金莲你实在是冤枉啊!(山东莱芜满分文《其实并不是这样》开头小作者将人们熟悉的《水浒》故事写入作文,读来却不觉重复。此处引用《水浒》开头,巧妙引出议论对象——潘金莲,既显自己的文化底蕴,又能将此与自己的观点形成对比,合情合理。
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