“欲扬先抑”与“欲抑先扬”是相反的两种布局方法。杨朔写过一篇著名的散文《荔枝蜜》。他在文中说小时候因为被蜜蜂螫过,因此对它总有疙疙瘩瘩的厌恶之感,但后来在广东从化参观了养蜂场,尝到了荔枝蜜,又听了养蜂老人的一番介绍,对小生灵蜜蜂顿生敬仰之情,它那勤恳、无私的品质正体现了中国劳动人民的美德。这是典型的欲扬先抑写作手法。所谓欲扬先抑,是指本要大力颂扬的对象,而落笔开始却贬抑它,批评它。前文的“抑”,反衬了后文的“扬”。采用这种写作手法,要自然合理,切不可牵强生硬。
镜头指影视所拍摄的一系列画面。镜头剪辑用于写作,指选取一组生动的画面来表现主题。此类文章是将所写的人物按照或故事、或画面、或片段、有序地写下来,其间的每一部分都可单独成文,组合起来又是一个完整的篇章。这种又被人们称为“冰糖葫芦式”结构,由于其形式新颖,巧妙精致而受到好评。
卒章显志
在文章结尾时,用一两句话点明中心、主题的手法就叫卒章显志,也叫“篇末点题”,“志”就是指文章的主题、中心。恰当运用这种手法可以增加文章的深刻性、感染力和结构美,有“画龙点睛”的艺术效果。
I’m very happy to receive your letter, and I’m glad to hear that you will go to China to learn Chinese here. I have already found a fiat for you. It is on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. Bus No.11 can take you there, and it is one stop before the Chinese School. The flat is on the third floor with 3 rooms, one of which is bedroom, the other two are bathroom and kitchen. There are a bed, a sofa, a desk and some chairs in this 25 square-metres small fiat, and the rent is 500 yuan per month. Maybe this fiat is not as good as your wish, but I’ll try my best to meet your needs. If it is not suitable enough, write to me and I will look for another better place.
Hope you will come here soon!
All the best!
Yours,
Li Hua
杨朔的散文《荔枝蜜》意在由蜜蜂而赞颂劳动人民的崇高品质,并表达自己向劳动人民学习的意愿。但文章并没有直接道出这一主题,而是通过展示作者对蜜蜂思想感情的变化,曲折有致地表达了主题。作者开头写自己对蜜蜂在感情上“疙疙瘩瘩”,接着写自己因吃了荔枝蜜而“想去看蜜蜂”,然后又写了蜜蜂的辛勤劳动与养蜂人的介绍。文章结尾写作者做梦“变成一只小蜜蜂”。由此可见,“曲径通幽”是指一种不是开门见山,直抒胸臆,而是曲折委婉地逐步显现主题的谋篇手法。
运用“曲径通幽”法,要注意两点:(一“曲径”是手段,“通幽”是目的',手段要为目的服务。(二行文的曲折应适当有度,不要为曲折而曲折。
Some fish are forced to leave polluted water and are flying in the sky. But unfortunately, air is also so polluted that they have to wear masks. Each of them is crying, “Where is my home?” What a terrible sight!
Mankind has brought so much pollution. Waste is being poured into rivers and seas. Poisons to kill pests in farming and chemicals go into rivers and seas, too. Poisonous gasses from factories also make the air so dirty. The whole balance of nature is being destroyed as a result of our ignorance of the environmental protection.
Personally, man can not live alone on the earth. Should fish die from serious pollution, so would man! It is high time we did something to prevent such a scene from happening.
把文章后面将要表现的内容,先在前面作一个提示,但不马上解答,以引起读者的好奇兴趣,产生急于看下去的迫切心情,这样文章的开头,我们称为巧设悬念。它的好处是能避免结构上的单调,使文章的情节波澜起伏,引人入胜。
记叙性文章要避免平铺直叙,记流水账,如能写得波澜起伏,就能引人入胜,耐看。
俄国作家柯罗连科的写景小品《火光》通篇运用了象征手法,但从字面上看,数百字的短文,由作者的感受引发了一波三折的景物变化,黑夜泛舟,火光又明又亮,好像就在眼前,这是开头展示的基本景象;船夫不以为然,认为还远着呢,兴起一波;自己从不相信到信服,又兴起一波;由“非常遥远”到“毕竟就在前头”,重要的是“必须加劲划桨”再兴一波
“一波三折”,“波折”要入情入理,让读者产生情理之中、意料之外的感觉,方能做到引人入胜。而脱离生活,故弄玄虚的“波折”非但不能吸引读者,还会适得其反。
以小见大,就是以小题材表现大主题的方法。生活中有些材料看起来似乎很平常,但却包含了深刻的意义。“一滴水也可以反映太阳的光辉”。只要善于透过现象发现本质,小材料同样能反映深刻的主题。如《一件珍贵的衬衫》。
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