2009高考作文说明【一】
答题思路：
⑴阅读链接材料，找出与原文的链接点即共同点;
(2角度多样，按分答点。
2009高考作文说明【二】
Make Up Your Mind to Succeed
Kind-hearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure.
The generation born between 1980 and 2001 grew up playing sports where scores and performance were played down because “everyone’s winner.” And their report cards sounded more positive（正面的）than ever before. As a result, Stanford University professor Carol Dweck, PHD, calls them” the overpraised generation.”
Dweck has been studying how people deal with failure for 40 years. Her research
has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it. Here’s how they work:
A fixed mind-set is grounded in the belief that talent(才能 is genetic – you’re a born
artist, point guard, or numbers person. The fixed mind-set believes it’s sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame. When things get difficult, it’s quick to blame, lie, and even stay away from future difficulties.
On the other hand, a growth mind-set believes that no talent is entirely heaven-sent
and that effort and learning make everything possible. Because the ego（自尊）isn’t on the line as much, the growth mind-set sees failure as a chance rather than shame. When faced with a difficulty, it’s quick to rethink, change and try again. In fact, it enjoys this experience.
We are all born with growth mind-sets. (Otherwise, we wouldn’t be able to live in the
world. But parents, teachers, and instructors often push us into fixed mind-sets byencouraging certain actions and misdirecting praise. Dweck’s book, Mind-set: The New Psychology of Success, and online instructional program explain this in depth. But she
says there are many little things you can start doing today to make sure that your children, grandchildren and even you are never defeated by failure.
( 57. What does the author think about the present generation?
A. They don’t do well at school.
B. They are often misunderstood.
C. They are eager to win in sports.
D. They are given too much praise.
( 58. A fixed mind-set person is probably one who ___ .
A. doesn’t want to work hard
B. cares a lot about personal safety
C. cannot share his ideas with others
D. can succeed with the help of teachers
( 59. What does the growth mind-set believe?
A. Admitting failure is shameful.
B. Talent comes with one’s birth.
C. Scores should be highly valued.
D. Getting over difficulties is enjoyable.
( 60. What should parents do for their children based on Dweck’s study?
A. Encourage them to learn from failures.
B. Prevent them from making mistakes.
C. Guide them in doing little things.
D. Help them grow with praise.
Not everyone who teaches in a college or university is a professor. Many are instructors or lecturers. In fact，not even all professors are full professors. Many of them are assistant or associate professors or adjunct professors.
So what do all of these different academic titles mean at American colleges and universities？Get ready for a short lecture，especially if you are thinking of a career in higher education.
Professors usually need a doctoral degree. But sometimes a school will offer positions to people who have not yet received their doctorate. This person would be called an instructor until the degree has been completed. After that，the instructor could become an assistant professor. Assistant professors do not have tenure. Tenure means a permanent appointment. This goal of greater job security is harder to reach these days. Fewer teaching positions offer the chance for tenure. Assistant professors generally have five to seven years to gain tenure. During this time，other faculty members study the person's work. If tenure is denied，then the assistant professor usually has a year to find another job.
An assistant professor who receives tenure becomes an associate professor. An associate professor may later be appointed a full professor.
Assistant，associate and full professors perform many duties. They teach classes. They advise students. And they carry out research. They also serve on committees and take part in other activities.
Other faculty members are not expected to do all these jobs. They are not on a tenure track. Instead，they might be in adjunct or visiting positions.
A visiting professor has a job at one school but works at another for a period of time. An adjunct professor is also a limited or part-time position，to do research or teach classes. Adjunct professors have a doctorate.
Another position is that of lecturer. Lecturers teach classes，but they may or may not have a doctorate.
1．In which column of a newspaper can the passage probably appear?
A．Education.
B．Entertainment.
C．Politics.
D．Sports.
2．Which of the following positions should have a doctoral degree?
A．Instructors and lecturers.
B．Assistant professors and instructors.
C．Lecturers and adjunct professors.
D．Assistant and adjunct professors.
3．According to Paragraph 3，how long can an assistant professor stay in his or her position at most?
A．13 years. B．12 years.
C．7 years.D．8 years.
4．Which one shows the correct order for a professor's development?
a．An assistant professor.
b．An instructor.
c．A full professor.
d．An associate professor.
A．b，a，d，c B．b，d，a，c
C．c，a，d，b D．b，c，a，d
5．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Those teaching in a university are all professors.
B．You'd better learn about it before being a professor.
C．Those without a doctoral degree can't find a job.
D．Professors in a university share the same duties.
答案：DADA，ADDAB
2009高考作文说明【三】
答题思路：
(1一般往代词所在的句子前边找，尽可能地摘录原词原句，或根据其概括。
(2找到后还要放入代词所在的句子中读读，检验是否合适。
2009高考作文说明【四】
说明顺序主要有三种：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。在写作说明文时，往往以一种顺序为主，当然在具体运用的时候，有时出现了说明顺序的并用与交叉的现象。如《向沙漠进军》，介绍综合治理沙漠采用了逻辑顺序，而在说明如何抵御风沙袭击、沙丘进攻的方法时，又采用了空间顺序(高→低。
合理地安排说明顺序，一要考虑所说明的事物的结构特点和事理的内在逻辑关系;二要考虑人们认识事物的一般顺序;三要考虑说明的中心与材料的关系。
(1如果是说明事物发展变化的进程的，就采用“时间”顺序，可由古及今或由今溯古。如《从甲骨文到缩放图书》
(2如果是解说事物的方位、形貌特征的，就采用“空间”顺序。可由近及远，由远及近，由左往右，由南向北，由低至高等。《人民英雄纪念碑》
(3如果为了阐明某些操作过程，就以“程序”为序，即按操作行为的先后标明序号逐一加以解说，便于读者按部就班，准确无误地进行操作。如一些家用电器的说明书。
(4若说明的目的是阐释事理，就要采用“逻辑”顺序：一般按因果、主次关系来安排顺序。如《日本平家蟹》
2009高考作文说明【五】
采用恰当的说明方法能把事物说得更清楚明白，便于读者理解。恰当地运用说明方法，是衡量说明文写作水平的重要标志。比如要说明南极风大，说“风速常常达到55.6千米每秒，因此人们把南极叫做‘暴风雪之家’或‘风极’。再有”1960年，在南极日本昭和基地越冬的队员福岛，走出基地楼房没几步，便被咆哮而来的大风席卷而去，不知去向，直到7年后，人们才在很远的地方发现他的尸体。前者通过列数字、打比方准确形象说明了南极风大这一特点，后者更是通过举例强调了南极风力惊人。增强了文章的说服力。
常见的说明方法有：举例子、分类别、打比方、列数据、作比较、下定义、作诠释、摹状貌、画图表等。写作中应根据要求灵活地选用。
