1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
我爱笑,我常常微笑,我把微笑当成一种习惯。快乐便如影随形。
——题记
我人问我:“你有什么天大的喜事,怎么每天都笑呵呵的?”我总会面带微笑地回答:“为什么不笑呢?笑是一天,哭也是一天,与其哭泣不如微笑,何乐而不为呢?”人生在世,不如意的事十有八九,用微笑去面对,笑看人生,其实一切都没什么大不了的。
我曾读过一篇名为《十二次微笑》的文章,里面讲述了一个因“微笑”而感人的故事。在飞机上,由于一个空姐的疏忽,一位乘客误了吃药的时间,因此很生气,扬言要想航空公司投诉这位空姐。面对乘客的责骂和威吓,没有针锋相对,反而一而再,再而三地向乘客道歉,先后十二次,并十二次露出微笑。这位乘客终于被感动,他收起了怒容,亲切地表示了对空姐的原谅,不但如此,他将原来准备写的投诉信改写成了感谢信投给了航空公司。
从这简单的故事中,我们到了一个人生的哲理——微笑是战胜困难的制胜法宝。
在学习中,也是如此。
闷热的气氛笼罩着整个教室,一眼望去,教室里的考生都闲适地坐在座位上,检查着试卷,只有我还在奋笔疾书。监考老师催道:“还剩五分钟,没有答完的请抓紧时间。”顿时,我的心想热锅里的蚂蚁——急得团团转。这道难题到底怎么解?难道这次数学又要考砸吗?怎么办?到底怎么办?我的心变得无比急躁。在紧张之中,我的大脑里突然闪过一个成语——静能生慧,于是,我闭上双眼,让自己平静得像清澈见底的湖水,睁看眼,然后自己给自己一个自信的微笑,心想:相信自己,一定行。我仔细地研读问题,探究着其中的奥秘,终于解开了,我飞快的写下答案,满脸是满意的微笑。
“铃铃铃”交卷时间到了,我自信满满地走向了讲台,感觉真好!
朋友,热爱微笑吧,当微笑成为你生活的一种态度,生活中的那些不快和灰霾,将会烟消云散。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
The picture shows that a young boy said to his father that he was worried about the waste of nuclear, but the father said if you can empty the dustbin , you can do anything . So whatever we want to do ,we must do small things first before undertaking something big .
In contemporary society , many young people enjoy taking big , but they always can’t finish anything . Because details decide success or failure . If we don’t start from the minor matters , only do the big things , we may get nothing in the end . So do the small things first , and then , we can finish something perfectly without wasting our unnecessary energy .
As far as I’m concerned , doing small things first is very important . For example , if we want to live , we must do (转 载于:wWW.cSsYq.cOM 书业网some small things like cleaning the room , washing the clothes and so on , and then , we can make our life comfortable . So don’t ignore details , the details are the key to success.
在人类与细菌间展开的旷日持久的“军备竞赛”中,形成“生薄膜”的能力——一种嵌入粘液性矩阵的大型微生物聚集体——是有机体用于攻击免疫系统、抗生素和其它威胁的重要武器之一。但是,最近科学家们已经确认了生物膜在细菌抵制抗生素作用过程中所扮演的角色,因此,人类在击败细菌的道路上或许进入收尾阶段。
科学家已经了解到,当病菌作为独立细胞处于游离状态时最容易受到攻击,而当其一旦结束“浮游状态”在适当位置稳定下来——无论是在轮船的船身,还是在人体的肺部——就很难再受到攻击,并且其后会在结合致密的生物膜中聚到一起。在这种情况下,它们就会激活类似于细小水泵的结构,驱散抗生素的作用,并且分享能够针对药物提供保护作用的基因,降低新陈代谢速度或是进入休眠状态,使自己免于被***死。
研究人员称,答案在于找到能够破坏生物膜的物质。
纽约州立大学宾厄姆顿分校的生物膜专家戴维?戴维斯说:“自巴斯德时代开始,我们就在致力于消灭和控制浮游细菌,但是我们在控制和了解生物膜细菌方面的成就有限。现在,我们在治疗急性细菌感染方面已经取得重大突破,这曾经是人类的灾难源泉。目前人类面对的那些数量多得难以置信的会使人体虚弱的慢性细菌感染疾病,通常都与生物膜有关。”
臭名昭著的细菌感染通常来自于绿脓杆菌,这种病菌能够感染肺部,使人体变得虚弱,甚至能使囊性纤维变性患者丧命。这种病菌会在监狱、医院甚至沙滩传播。
鲍氏不动杆菌(又名AB菌感染,也会在受伤士兵中传播。和鼻窦炎和耳部感染这些更为普通的感染一样,这种感染可能也是由生物膜引发的。
三月版的《细菌学杂志》刊登了戴维斯利用病菌自身的化学信号迫使生物膜分解可研究。生物膜会根据环境因素的.变化自动进行分解或合成。戴维斯和他的同事已经发现了一种以脂肪酸形式存在的化学信号,这种信号能够“通知”病菌进行分裂。
佛罗里达大学分子生物学家托尼?罗密欧认为,这项研究仍处于萌芽阶段,并且表示发现生物膜的确切形成形式和原因更为重要。
(摘自《参考消息》2009年3月11日第七版
1.本文的说明对象是什么?属于事理性还是事物性说明文?
2.第一段末说“人类在击败细菌的道路上或许进入收尾阶段”,而最后一段又说“这项研究仍处于萌芽阶段”,请问一个说“收尾阶段”,一个说“萌芽阶段”,是不是矛盾?为什么?
3.为什么当病菌结束“浮游状态”在适当位置稳定下来后,就很难再受到攻击了?请说明理由。
4.目前,绞***致病菌破坏生物膜的具体方法是什么?请简要回答。
5.下面对文章的理解说法有误的一项是(
A.戴维斯在消灭和控制浮游细菌与破坏病菌生物膜方面都取得了较大的可喜成绩。
B.绿脓杆菌的感染能力很强,不但能在监狱和医院传播,甚至还可以在沙滩上传播。
C.浮游状态的病菌很容易被绞***,但当其在生物膜中聚集一起后,就相当难被消灭了。
D.对于如何破环生物膜,美国的专家们有共识,但也有分歧。
参考答案:
1.从源头绞***(锁定病菌的方法事理性说明文2.不矛盾。“收尾阶段”说的是人类在击败病菌的整个征途中所处的阶段:“萌芽阶段”说的是利用病菌自身的化学信号迫使生物膜分解的研究实验过程。他们陈述的对象不同。3.它们会激活类似于细小水泵的结构,驱散抗生素的作用,并且分享能够针对药物提供保护作用的基因,降低新陈代谢速度或是进入休眠状态。4.利用病菌自身的化学信号迫使生物膜分解。5.A
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