中国古代将立冬分为三候:“一候水始冰;二候地始冻;三候雉人大水为蜃。” 此节气水已经能结成冰;土地也开始冻结;三候“雉人大水为蜃”中的雉即指野鸡一类的大鸟,蜃为大蛤,立冬后,野鸡一类的大鸟便不多见了,而海边却可以看到外壳与野鸡的线条及颜色相似的大蛤。所以古人认为雉到立冬后便变成大蛤了。
立冬时节,太阳已到达黄经225°,北半球获得的太阳辐射量越来越少,由于此时地表夏半年贮存的热量还有一定的剩余,所以一般还不太冷。晴朗无风之时,常有温暖舒适的“小阳春”天气,不仅十分宜人,对冬作物的生长也十分有利。但是,这时北方冷空气也已具有较强的势力,常频频南侵,有时形成大风、降温并伴有雨雪的寒潮天气。
由于说明文往往是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解释,而这种客观的介绍与解释一般是不随时间和空间变化而改变的,比如:说明早锻炼的好处,介绍猫的`胡子的功能,解释臭氧层对人类生活的影响等等,是不受时间和空间影响的。因此,尽管有时为了特殊表达的要求,会在个别地方采用其他时态,英语说明文的基本时态还是一般现在时。下面这篇由香港学生写的充分反映了说明文的这一特点。
The Way to Achieve Success
Many successful people say that they owe much of their success to the cultivation (培养) of certain good habits in early life. In forming good habits, I think we should pay attention to four things, that is, honesty, industry (勤勉), enthusiasm (热情), and thrift (节俭)。
“Honesty is the best policy”。 This is a proverb to which we must pay attention. There are so many temptations (诱惑) in society that through a little carelessness we may go astray (走入歧途)。 But when we are honest, people will not be dishonest to us.
Industry gives every man and woman, every boy and girl, proper work to do. To do nothing is to ruin oneself.
Enthusiasm is a great force. One's soul will expand if one devotes (贡献) oneself to a noble cause. The difficulties in our way are tremendous (巨大的), but what can we not accomplish (取得), if with enthusiasm?
There are many proverbs which set forth (陈述) the advantages (好处) of thrift. Since we live in a world where money is a very powerful thing, we should always try to save part of our earnings for future use.
These are the four things to which we must pay attention. It is only in this way that we can achieve success.
刚开学那几天,孩子们之间话特多,总有说不完的话儿,因此在课堂上我不得不提醒他,有的孩子上学期养成的好习惯又忘了;也有孩子比以前更认真听讲,回答更积极了,如陈琳卓、俞辉等,有的孩子胆子还是没变大,像褚思怡开学头一天还流眼泪、施淑琛上周早上来园时还死拽着爸爸的衣服不肯松手;钱怡磊小朋友吃饭的速度较前提高了,有时因为她的牙齿全蛀掉了,我也会适时放宽些时间;;俞洁岚、朱日晨能尝试吃一点菜和肉了。例如:一次朱日晨饭全吃完了,而两个菜几乎就没动,我让他吃点菜,他直摇头,我告诉他汤很好喝的,你喝一点,告诉我味道,于是他喝了一口,说:“有菜的味道”,我又说:“再喝一口尝尝,还有什么味道?”“番茄味。”原本我还想鼓励他喝第三口,可他没等我说话,动作蛮快的已经倒掉了,下次再让他多吃点,我心里暗想。还有一次吃炒什锦,他又剩了很多,我让他再吃一点,他 说:“只吃豆腐干”,我说“好的”,没成想他说:“你帮我找找。”真是好气又好笑,于是我用调羹帮他把一小块一小块的豆腐干找出来。还记得去年刚入园,一次中餐吃饺子时的\'情景,因为不爱吃,就故意把饺子倒在了桌子上,我以为他不小心的,谁知他又给我弄了第二次,把饺子倒在了地上。通过向家长的了解,我们知道了原因,因此我们慢慢引导,他从一个都不吃到只吃饺子皮到连馅带皮的吃掉一碗,他进步着,变化着。
现在孩子们都升大班了,我们让他们知道自己是幼儿园里最大的孩子,是哥哥、姐姐了,要做出榜样,让弟弟、妹妹学习,并学着关心、爱护弟弟、妹妹。在自由活动时,我让他们继续学着自我管理,把各要求交代清楚,如让他们学习有条理的收放物品。同时,我也觉得孩子们变得更懂事、更体贴了,如:一次分餐点时,因为有幼儿挑食不吃,我就说:“啊,这面包可真香啊,肯定好吃,小朋友都吃了,你也吃个吧!”话音刚落,就有幼儿说:“徐老师,你也吃一个吧”。看,体贴吧,我的心头暖暖的。另外在刚刚过去的教师节那天,很多孩子拿着塑料小花、或卡片、自制卡片、小吃点等送给我们,虽然物品并不贵重,但孩子们有这份心,我俩别提有多高兴。家长们也为我们继续教这班孩子而高兴,大家彼此从陌生到熟悉到了解,因此家园沟通工作也更顺利,你变我变大家都在变,你笑我笑乐哈哈。
"Bellingham Christian School has decided to cancel school due to good weather," said Mr Samson in the letter to parents.萨姆森先生在信中对家长说:“由于难得的好天气,贝灵汉基督学校决定停课一天。”
Bellingham Christian School, in Washington state, sent letters to parents informing them their children's classes were cancelled so students and staff could enjoy a "sun day".位于华盛顿州的贝灵汉基督学校写信通知学生家长,他们孩子的课被取消了,学生和全体教职人员都可以享受“天气晴好的一天”。
Principal of the school, Bob Samson, said cancelling a day of school for nice weather was a good move and was an effort to "promote positive school culture".鲍勃-萨姆森学校的校长解释道,学校在难得的好天气取消一天的`课程是一个很好的决定,并将有助于“推广积极的校园文化”。
"Typically we cancel school for bad weather, so why not have some fun and cancel school due to fabulous weather?" added the principal.“通常我们会因为恶劣的天气而停课,那么为什么我们不能在难得这么棒的天气里取消课程尽情享受呢?” 校长又说道。
Located just outside Whatcom County's largest city, Bellingham Christian School did not cancel a single day of classes due to bad weather over the winter months.贝灵汉基督学校坐落在霍特科姆县中最大的城市郊区,在过去冬季的几个月,并没有因为恶劣的天气而取消一天的课程。
The Pacific-Northwest city is forecast to enjoy clear skies and temperatures up to 23 degrees Celsius over the coming days.在接下来几天,预计太平洋西北部城市天气将会放晴,气温将回升到23℃。
Catering for children aged 2 to 14, the non-denominational Christian school educates students from over forty regional churches in the Bellingham area.这个跨教派的基督学校里的学生多为2到14岁孩子,来自贝灵汉地区里超过40个区域性教会。
"There are so many heavy things that go on in our world, it's nice to celebrate, relax and share joy with many," said the principal.校长说:“在我们的世界中有很多沉重的事情在发生;我们庆祝、放松、与他人共享喜悦,将会使生活更美好。”
由于在很多情况下,说明文是对客观存在的说明与介绍,因此语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉,比如:
(1)I think that getting up late is not always a bad thing.
(2)It is said that getting up late is not always a bad thing.
相比之下,例(2)的语言要比例(1)的语言客观一些,容易让人接受一些。如果再作一些表述上的改动:
(3)Getting up late is not always a bad thing, according to Franklin Smith, a well-known psychologist in Stanford University.
引进著名人士作为信息的来源,可以使想要说明的内容更具有说服力。如果我们将例(3)中的always再改为necessarily,就可使整个句子更客观、委婉,便于为读者接受:
(4)Getting up late is not necessarily a bad thing, according to Franklin Smith, a well-known psychologist in Stanford University.
在英语中,采用被动语态,引进权威的信息来源以及选用委婉的词语是使说明文避免主观色彩,增加客观性,从而为读者接受的重要语言手段
立冬是中国二十四节气之一,传统上为冬天的第一个节气。相当于视太阳在黄道上自黄经225°至240°的一段时间,约14.9天,每年11月7日(或8日开始,至11月22日(或23日结束。这时太阳直射点由 16°19′S移至 20°16′S。狭义上立冬的开始,视太阳在天球上经过黄经225°的时刻,即在11月7日(或8日。
按气候学划分四季标准,以下半年候平均气温降到10℃以下为冬季,则“立冬为冬日始”的说法与黄淮地区的气候规律基本吻合。中国最北部的漠河及大兴安岭以北地区,9月上旬就早已进入冬季,首都北京于10月下旬也已一派冬天的景象,而长江流域的冬季要到“小雪”节气前后才真正开始。
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