举例子:这里使用了举例子的说明方法,具体说明了??
作比较:这里拿?和?作比较,突出(具体)说明了??
列数字:这里使用了列数字的说明方法,准确说明了??
例:1 “湖内有大小港岔200余条,半岛50多个,回水长10公里。”(列数字)
2 即使人类不努力登上月球,包括信息技术在内的`各种高科技也会得到发展,但发展速度要比现在慢很多。”(作比较)
3 “例如研究人类暴露在强辐射条件下的后果,寻找避免辐射对宇航员的血液造成危害的方法,使人们找到了治疗白血病、贫血等血液疾病的手段。”(举例子)
说明方法的作用及意义
1. 举例子:使文章更加具体,更有说服力,更客观的说明了事物。
2. 作比较:说明某些抽象的或者是人们比较陌生的事物,可以用具体的或者大家已经熟悉的事物和它比较,使读者通过比较得到具体而鲜明的印象。
3. 列数字:具体准确为说明对象服务。
Long, long ago, there were two brothers, the one rich and the other poor. When Christmas Eve came, the poor one had not a bite in the house, either of meat or bread; so he went to his brother, and begged him, in God's name, to give him something for Christmas Day. It was by no means the first time that the brother had been forced to give something to him, and he was not better pleased at being asked now than he generally was.
"If you will do what I ask you, you shall have a whole ham," said he. The poor one immediately thanked him, and promised this.
"Well, here is the ham, and now you must go straight to Dead Man's Hall," said the rich brother, throwing the ham to him.
"Well, I will do what I have promised," said the other, and he took the ham and set off. He went on and on for the livelong day, and at nightfall he came to a place where there was a bright light.
"I have no doubt this is the place," thought the man with the ham.
An old man with a long white beard was standing in the outhouse, chopping Yule logs.
"Good-evening," said the man with the ham.
"Good-evening to you. Where are you going at this late hour?" said the man.
"I am going to Dead Man's Hall, if only I am on the right track," answered the poor man.
"Oh! yes, you are right enough, for it is here," said the old man. "When you get inside they will all want to buy your ham, for they don't get much meat to eat there; but you must not sell it unless you can get the hand-mill which stands behind the door for it. When you come out again I will teach you how to stop the hand-mill, which is useful for almost everything."
So the man with the ham thanked the other for his good advice, and rapped at the door.
People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinionthat
观点1. While others point out that
观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds moreweight. For one thing,
论据1. For another,
论据2. Last but not the least,
论据3. To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心。或From above, we can predict that预测。
一般来说,议论文的结构模式体现在:
一、材料作文:“引——析——提——联——结”的论证结构。
“引”——定向剪裁,概述材料。所谓“概述”,就是不能将题目所给材料原文照搬,而是对准自己立论的指向剪裁材料,使材料为我所用的“定向剪裁”。应抓住材料的核心内容简要叙述,
“析“——分析材料,突出感点。“析”,就是围绕议论的中心对引录材料内容的寓意进行扼要分析。要求分析得准确,切合事理,语言精要。“析”的目的是为中心论点的提出创造理论的条件。
“提”——提出论点,纲举目张。“提”,就是通过材料的分析之后,顺势提出中心论点。根据内容的需要,有时也可以将“析”与“提”两部分的观点“合二为一”。中心论点是全文内容的“神”,材料组合的“纲”,起统帅作用。因此,论点的提炼,必须做到:扣材、准确、稳妥、鲜明、简洁。
“联”——联想联系,论证论点。“引”“析“后,作文就完成了对材料的处理。“联”是运用材料提供的道理来类比社会生活,议论社会生活的过程。可以联想类似的\'道理(从道理上论证),也可以联想相关的社会生活现象(从事实上论证)。这部分是作文的重点,既要放开思路,又要概括力强;既要重点突出,又要正反结合。 “结”——重申材料,深化论点。结尾呼应开头,或进一步强调论点,或提出解决问题的办法,或提出希望要求。
二、其它形式的议论文(包含话题作文)一般体现在:
“立论——入据——结承——迭据——归纳”的论证结构。
第一步:立论。即在文章开篇首先明确提出论点,给人以论点鲜明的印象。当然,也可以说明论证的背景、缘由等有关前提,通过简单引述,提出论点。
第二步:入据。即在上面提出论点后,第一次进入用论据阐述。这一步定位的论据最好选用史实,一般应是较古老的历史论据。有时可以是寓言、传说、历史掌故、名人轶闻轶事等。
第三步:结承。即在第二步阐述论据的基础上,进行简要分析,指出其具有的一般意义,进行小结。在此基础上,要随之联系现实生活,对论点加以阐述,承上启下,为下一步论证做准备。
第四步:迭据。即在上文小结承转之后,再一次运用现实生活中的事例作论据,进行论证。选用的事例要新,最好是当前媒体中新出现的典型事例。这些论据实际上与第二步中的历史论据形成推进和迭加的关系,故称之为“迭据”。这样,一古一今,一旧一新,选择的论据,角度有变化,为论点提供了扎实有效的证明事例。
第五步:归纳。在前面双重的事实论据论证的基础上,进行综合分析,以进一步揭示论点在当代的现实意义,或者提出解决问题的思路和方法,对全文加以总结。 参考例文可以参见8号文。
议论文的结构模式多种,一般我们要求掌握一二种适合自己写法的议论文模式,下面列举几种常用易写的几种模式,供同学们选择:
1、层进式结构(是什么?即提出观点;为什么?即分析原因;怎么办?即提出对策、分析对策、论证对策。)(参考1-2号文)
2、并列式结构(分论点并列、论据并列)(参考3-5号文)
3、对照式结构(正反对比、转折补充)(参考6-7号文)
4、中规中矩总分式(参考《高考作文晋级指导》p153《诗意地生活》)
People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2.
Last but not the least, 论据3.
To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
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