1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
说明文常见的答题误区有:不能准确地对词语的限制、修饰作用进行评析,不能掌握根据语言材料给事实下定义的方法,不能熟练地运用表格等方式表现或整理文中的重要信息,不能对事物的特点进行准确的概括,在阅读图形和辨识表格上有困难,解说答题的理由有困难等等。要针对说明文阅读中的这些难点进行有的放矢的复习。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
在原始森林里有一位活了524岁的老榆树,大家都尊敬的叫他树爷爷。
有一次,森林里已经过了五个月没有下雨了,树爷爷已经开始树叶枯黄了!
怎么办呢?就在树爷爷旁边不远的地方有一条小溪。可是树爷爷的树根就是够不着,怎么办呢?树爷爷的喉咙已经直冒白烟了!小鸟正好路过树爷爷那里,看见树爷爷的`样子,慌张的去通知了,村里的所有动物都来了,长颈鹿、大象、豹子、猴子、狗、猫、小蚂蚁……
大家商量着怎么办?你一言我一语“什么用竹子做成水管。”“用毛巾沾水再挤出来”……
怎么办,想了一下午都没有想到一个万全之策,眼看树爷爷就快渴死了,怎么办呢?大家七嘴八舌的商量可是就是没有好办法呀!坐在草地上的猫头鹰副族长一声不吭,大象族长可看不过去了,大象族长大摇大摆的走到猫头鹰面前火冒三丈的说:“我们都在热火朝天的想办法,为什么你却安逸的坐在草地上,我看你这个天下第一机智是白得了,你傻坐着干嘛,快想办法啊!”猫头鹰做了一个它想办法的标准姿势,然后提高嗓门说道:“你们的办法都可以派上用场!”“太好了,树爷爷有救了。”大家欢呼着。
猫头鹰飞到离溪边最近的一棵大树上然后站上面,对大家说:“小猴子,我记得你有一个水桶快去拿来装水,小兔子我记得你有个不漏水的盆子,你赶快去拿来。大象族长,你用你的长鼻子吸水然后再喷到树爷爷那里。蚂蚁你去叫你的家人来让他们每人拿片叶子来,好装水。老虎,狮子,狗熊在村子里你们三个的力气最大快点去小竹林里面去找竹子婶婶让她拿一根最长的竹子然后劈成两半,再把溪水放到竹子上,让竹子形成水管,你们快去呀!其他动物回去拿锅碗来装水,可以多拿几个,没有的去借,快去!再不快一点树叶就会死了,难道你们想看到树爷爷死吗?”猫头鹰用很快的速度说完了这一大串话。然后又对脚下的大树们说道:“树姐姐们,我知道你们没有办法帮助树爷爷,但是我想到一个办法——你们离小溪比较近,所以你们用树根吸取一点水分,然后再传递到树爷爷那里好吗?”“行。”树姐姐们异口同声的回答道。
时间过得很快一会儿就到了傍晚,小溪的水位下降了,每一个动物的汗水都可以给自己洗个澡了,猫头鹰声音有些沙哑了,指挥了一下午。树爷爷已经慢慢恢复正常了!树爷爷感动的流下来泪水,一个劲的感谢大家,大家也都坐在树爷爷的脚下欣赏晚霞带来的美丽……
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
1.说明文中的举例子、列数字、打比方、分类别、作诠释、作比较等说明方法。2.说明文语段中的中心句与文句。3.说明文的文章结构特点与文段结构特点;总说与说。4.说明中限制语的运用,确数和约数。5.说明文语段的层次划分角度。6.空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序。7.平实与生动的语言。8.说明中的描摹。9.科学小品的特点。10.图表的设计。11.联想与想像。12.一定的生活知识与生活见闻。
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