1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
天马湖在武威城东面,是杨家坝河滩改造而成的人工湖,数十里公里的湖岸边游人不断,人们或在河边拍照留影,或沿提散步,静心享受着美景,清水清凌凌,一湖碧波,给炎热的夏日带来阵阵凉意,不仅为武威增添了一道靓丽的风景线。
傍晚,天空已经是灰蒙蒙的,这时,就像是几颗星星落下来,在对我眨眼睛呢!接着,路上的路灯,车灯也争先亮起来,整条路顿时灯火通明,一盏盏灯就像一只只萤火虫在空中飞舞。等天空完全暗了下来,霓虹灯也亮了起来。这下天马湖仿佛穿上一件闪亮的新衣服,一盏盏霓虹灯千变万化,一会儿红,一会儿绿,一会儿半紫半黄,真是五光十色,还有那变幻无穷的形状,又像彩虹,又像鲜花,好比那衣服上美丽的花纹。一条条公路,一片金光,像是一条条彩带,真是美丽无穷。
天马湖的美景为武威城平添了几分诗情画意,多了一缕醉人浪漫,为武威建设西部加上了浓墨重彩的一笔。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
三年级的暑假,我跟随父母去甘肃青海一带游玩。其中,最让我难忘的,莫过于敦煌的鸣沙山和月牙泉了。
下午三点左右,我们到达了鸣沙山。初见大漠,眼前的一切让我惊呆了:几十座沙丘连绵起伏,它好像被人抚摸了千万遍,不论怎么踩,总是那么柔顺、流畅。它一望无际,似乎连天空都不能与它相较,在太阳照射下愈发金黄。震撼之余,我瞥向沙丘的一条棱线,上面是密密麻麻移动的小黑点。不远处,响起了驼铃的“叮当叮当”声。
此时,正值一天中最热的时候,太阳无情地炙烤着大地,沙子因此发烫了许多,踩上去却还是格外舒服。回头望了望,就在沙漠的边际,有一串长长的骆驼脚印,朝我们伸展开来。在这里滑沙,最适宜不过。一想到这,我的心就痒痒起来,加快脚步向前行进,终于攀上最高点。沿着这条棱线向前走,不知转了多少弯,朝下望去,便是月牙泉,它因阳光的照射而更加灵动了。周围饰了一圈绿树,仿佛是它的项链,将它的轮廓勾勒得格外清晰。早听说,大漠和清泉相融,现在,终于见到了它的庐山真面目,我惊叹不已。
在一处坡度较大的沙丘上,我停住了脚步。没有滑板,没有任何防护措施,就这样措不及防地滑下——就像是滑滑梯一样,但快了许多。风在耳边呼啸,吹动沙子,沙子推动我,使我快速下行。我心中惊出了波澜,早已对其它视而不见。“嗡嗡嗡”我侧耳聆听沙鸣。悄悄睁开眼,风似乎无处不在,悄悄钻到沙子下,拨动着,又像是一条蛇,敏捷地游走……顺着沙子下滑,随着速度加快,风远远地被我落在后面。沙鸣带着风啸,欢快地演绎着进行曲。不知过了多久,风停了,我也随它慢慢停了下来,抬头望空,风轻云淡,仿佛什么也未发生过,但我还是惊魂未定。
夕阳西下,我们也开始往回走。当月亮刚升起时,我们就来到了月牙泉。晚风轻拂过树梢,掀起细沙,又吹起月牙泉的波澜。夜色如水,繁星点点。流动的泉水似夜空一般深谙,路边五光十色的彩灯,便倒映在泉中。晃动的泉水伴着灯光,月光与泉水交相辉映,形成一副动人的画面。
当离开月牙泉,已是华灯初上。丝丝凉意卷着风儿吹来,抚过面颊,钻到心中。“叮当叮当”驼铃又响起,似乎在跟我们告别……
人们都说“桂林的山水”是天下最美的山水,可我却说”天马湖的山水”是世界上最美的山水,那里一年四季都很美。
春天,湖面上的冰雪化了,湖面像一面大镜子,小鹿在天马湖边散步,有的俯下身子喝水,有的侧着脑袋欣赏自己映在水中的倒影。
夏天,雨水多了,湖面也宽了,碧蓝碧蓝的真像一块蓝宝石,小草像绿色的地毯。最美丽的`就算火烧云了,从东边到西边都是红彤彤的,真像天上着了火一样。
秋天,鱼虾到处都是,渔民们架着小舟,到天马湖里捉鱼虾,这回鱼虾们可倒四辈子大霉了,吓得四处乱逃,但还是逃不过渔民们的手掌心,太阳下山了,渔民们满载而归。
冬天,湖面上结了冰,那晶莹剔透的冰简直就是透明的,又下起了鹅毛大雪,这一场雪把田野·山坡·房子都披上了银白色的冬装。
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