在文章中,过渡是文章段落之间的桥梁,前后相邻的两层意思之间,不仅要有内在的联系,而且在相连的地方要彼此衔接,语气贯通,让读者思路能够顺利地从前者过渡到后者,这样使文气连贯,布局缜密,转承自然,而不致发生间隙或阻隔。穿针引线,组织成篇,可以说是对过渡重要作用的恰当比喻。过渡常用承上启下的段,句子或关联词语。例如《从百草园到三味书屋》一文,在“百草园”和“三味书屋”两大部分之间,有一个承上启下的段落,就是以段过渡的一个范例。
记叙文的过渡,其过渡的情况和主要作用是:
①开头与正文间过渡。
在有些文章开头使用倒叙的方法,或由眼前的景物而引出与之相关事情的叙述,这时,为了使开头部分与正文衔接紧密,往往使用过渡。
例如:《繁星》一文首段描写“我”最爱看繁星,回忆了从前在家乡夜晚望星天的情景和感受。首句“我爱月夜,但我也爱星天”,表露了作者对大自然的热爱之情,也为第二句引出“我最爱看天上密密麻麻的繁星”做了铺垫。又如,《背影》一文,一开头就有这么一句“最难忘的是父亲的背影”,起到了总领全文,也为全文定下了感情基调。
②不同事件或场景间过渡。
一幅优美的画卷,画面要注意色彩明暗、浓淡的过渡,注意景物虚实、主次的'过渡;文章当然也要重视上下文的衔接、转换。
宋代僧人志南有一首绝句,内容是:“古木阴中系短篷,杖藜扶我过桥东。沾衣欲湿杏花雨,吹面不寒杨柳风。”第一句写树阴下(“古木阴中”),第三四句写“杏花雨”与“杨柳风”,诗人又是怎样过渡的呢?“杖藜”扶着诗人由“古木阴中”来到“桥东”,完成了地点的转换。“杖藜扶我过桥东”,是拟人化的写法,更是自然过渡的典范。
③叙述顺序转换间过渡。
有些文章在顺叙的过程中,往往需要插入一些与之有关的情节来补充,然后再回头叙述原来的事,这就需要使用过渡。如:
在《故乡》一文中,“我”在与母亲对话中插入了对闰土的回忆:“这时候,我的脑里忽然闪出一幅神异的图画来……现在我的母亲提起了他,我这儿时的记忆,忽而全部闪电似的苏生过来,似乎看到了我的美丽的故乡了。”这篇文章在顺叙的过程中,用“这时候,我的脑里忽然闪出一幅神异的图画来”过渡,插入对少年闰土的回忆。
④人物转换、表达方式改变用过渡。
在记叙的过程中,有时需要转换人称,或需要由一种表达方式转换为另一种表达方式,这也往往要使用过渡。
例如:在朝鲜的每一天,我都被一些东西感动着;我的思想感情的潮水,在放纵奔流着;我想把一切东西都告诉给我祖国的朋友们。但我最急于告诉你们的,是我思想感情的一段重要经历,这就是:我越来越深刻地感觉到谁是我们最可爱的人!
谁是我们最可爱的人呢?我们的战士,我感到他们是最可爱的人。(过渡,由我换为战士)
照应是谋篇的重要手段,具体是指上下文之间的相互照顾和呼应,包括交代和照应两个方面。交代是对后面要表现的内容在前面适当地提示一下;照应是对前面提示的内容的回答。周密的照应,对贯通文脉、点化中心、渲染气氛能起一定作用,从而唤起读者阅读心理上的美感。冰心的《小桔灯》可以说是照应手法运用的典范。
阅读时,要瞻前顾后,理清思路,注意分析作者的照应技巧。
文章的照应,主要有以下四种:
①文题照应。
也有两种:一种是开头与题目照应,如《白杨礼赞》开头一段:“白杨树实在是不平凡的,我赞美白杨树!”这一段既是破题,又是统领全篇的关键段,全文就是紧紧围绕着这句话开展的。另一种是行文中与题目照应,如《往事依依》的首段扣题是为了引起下文,末段点题是为了深化主题。同时,在文章的第2至第5段每段都有相应的词语扣住“依依”。
②首尾照应。
《往事依依》一文第一段“但有几件事仍历历在目,至今记忆犹新”和第六段结尾的“往事依依,金色的回忆唤起我的青春激情,催我不断奋进”相互照应,这样使文章贯脉相通,结构完整,也更好地突出主题。
③前后照应。
也就是,上下文间的照应,有段、句和词语三种情况的照应形式。还是以《往事依依》为例,第三段说“书,给我以广阔的天地”,第五段进一步讲“读了许多有名的中外小说,开阔了眼界,使自己的心已与时代更加贴近了”,进一步强调了读好书能启迪心智、指点做人。再如,《济南的冬天》的第一段中三组对比中的第三组,是用热带的毒日、响晴的天气跟济南的温情作对比得出“济南真得算个宝地”的结论。在第三组对比之中,之所以要指出“在北中国的冬天”,是因为“北中国的冬天”隐含了“照例应该是北风呼啸、日光惨淡”的意思,这就跟上文的“奇迹”与下文的“宝地”相呼应。
④重叠照应。
我们在平时的阅读中,经常会发现同一或相近的词语、句子或段落在文章中一再出现,使其于反复中得到加强,这种照应我们可称之为重叠式照应。《背影》一文中 “背影”出现了四次。《白杨礼赞》一文中“不平凡”前后一共出现四次,相同的段落出现了两次。《十三岁的际遇》一文多次写到“我是‘不系之舟’”,其中都有深层的含意。这些重叠式照应对突出文章中心,标明文章线索都起到了重要作用。
本人在参加英语BEC中级考试取得了不错的`成绩,现把我半年来在准备作文时常用到的一些句型推荐给大家,希望对备考英语BEC的网友有所帮助。
第一部分、BEC作文段首句常用句型:
一、对立观点命题形式的首句:
1. Many people do not doubt that A is superior to B , while others think quite differently on the issue of _____. Personally, I stand on the side of A .
2. Some people say A , other people argue B . In a word , _____. But I cannot agree this point of view for many reasons.
3. There are different views concerning this topic . Some people like to CHOOSE A , some prefer to CHOOSE B . Personally , I prefer B . I think B has more advantages.
4. From my point of view , it is more advisable to CHOOSE A than to CHOOSE B . 5. Despite the fact that most people prefer A , I would like to choose B because the following reasons .
6. In general , I prefer to _____ .
7. As far as I am concerned , I would like to prefer _____ .
8. When it comes to _____ , most people tend to believe A . But others consider B as _____ .
9. When asked about _____ , the vast majority of people would support that A . But others regard B as _____ .
10. At the risk of address the issue too direct , I prefer A because I think that _____ .
11. When asked about _____ , many people give their opinions that _____ , but other people may see _____ differently .
12. When faced with _____ , quite a few would claim that _____ , but others , in contrast , deem _____ as _____ .
13. When inquired about _____ , the vast majority of people would like to _____ , but other people , who hold an opposite view , consider _____ as _____ .
14. When _____ is mentioned _____ , most people believe that _____ , but other people would rather think _____ as _____ .
15. While many people may stick to me idea that _____ , I would like to prefer _____ .
二、单一观点式
A . Agree
1. One of the greatest writers once said that _____ . Now , it still has its significant realistic value .
2. I would follow the reasoning that _____ .
3. Many people advocate that _____ . They claim that _____ . My opinion is the same as theirs in the following reasons .
4. I totally agree with the statement that _____ . The reasons are presented below .
5. After pondering this question on many occasions , I finally reached the conclusion that _____ is something worthy to do and I cannot skip it .
6. my arguments for point are listed as follows.
7. I agree with the above statement because _____ .
8. Nowhere in the world has the issue of _____ been so much debated like in our society .
9. I agree with the statement that _____ without reservation because _____ . 10. Thinking logically , I can only say that the title statement is valid because _____ .
11. I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that _____ .
12. Some may hold the opinion that AAA . But others have a negative attitude . As far as I am concerned , I agree that _____ .
13. Many one have the idea that AAA . However , many others disagree with this argument . But both side of the problem whether _____ are supported by good reasons .
14. Recently , it has been much debated over the problem of AAA . Those who object to AAA announce that _____ . But those who favor AAA utter a sonorous voice that _____ .
15. Recently , there is vehement discussion on the issue of _____ . Those who criticize _____ argue that _____ . They claim that _____ . But people who firmly advocate _____ , on the other hand , argue that _____ .
16. There is a much-debated problem today about _____ . Those who object to _____ argue that _____ . They are very sure about _____ . But people who prefer _____ , on the other hand , claim that _____ .
B . Disagree
1. Until recently , _____ was viewed as _____ . But people are taking a fresh look at it .
2. Recently , we often hear about _____ . But is it ?
3. These days , it is often heard about _____ . But is this really the truth ?
4. I feel such an attitude is negative , and that it can bring _____.
5. Some people argue as if it is a general truth that _____ . But to be frank , I cannot agree with them for the flowing reasons .
6. Despite the fact that many people believe that _____ , I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis .
7. Although some people hold the opinion that _____ , I wonder whether the argument could bear close examination .
8. In the nationwide , discussion , many people argue that _____ . But I can say nothing but _____ .
9. Advocates of AAA proclaim that _____ , but I _____ .
10. Until recently , _____ was regarded as _____ . But _____ .
11. Some people think that _____ , but I disagree with this opinion for numerous reasons , as presented below .
12. Now , it is increasingly mentioned that _____ . Such people think _____ . But I can only cast doubt on whether _____ .
13. Now , it is widely believed that _____ . These people think _____ . But I wonder if _____ .
14. I cannot totally the idea that _____ . Because , in my point of view , I believe _____ .
15. As a matter of fact , I support that _____ , but I cannot agree with the title statement .
16. Nowadays , it is widely held that _____ . People of this kind think _____ .But I doubt whether _____ .
第二部分、BEC作文常用结尾句:
1. Taking into account of all these factors , we may reach the conclusion that_____ .
2. All reliable evidences point to one saying , that is _____ .
3. For the reasons presented above , I strongly commit to the notion that _____ .
4. While it is true that _____ , I think that _____ .
5. Given the factors I have just outlined , I can only say that _____ .
6. This is not to say that _____ . But in terms of _____ , it is _____ .
7. Therefore , it is easy to draw the conclusion that _____ .
8. Recognizing the fact that _____ should drive us to conclude that _____ .
9. To put all into a nutshell , I _____ .
10. In a word , I support the statement that it is better to _____ because Good stuff! Wonder why there are so few hits.
鸟儿在树上叫
鸟儿在树上唱歌
星星在天上闪烁
星星在天空眨眼睛
雪松的树枝被厚厚的积雪压弯了。”改为:调皮的雪娃娃飘到雪松爷爷的身上,雪松爷爷被逗得笑弯了腰。
鸟在枝头鸣叫。改为:鸟在枝头歌唱春天..
海底的动物常常发出声音。改为:海底的动物常常在一起说话.
小鹿在河边喝水。改为:小鹿站在河边喝水.
拟人句:海底的动物常常聚在一起窃窃私语。
陈述:海底的动物常常发出声音。
拟人句:春天来了,花儿张开了笑脸,尽情欢笑:小鸟放开歌喉,尽情歌唱。陈述句:春天来了,花儿开了,小鸟唧唧喳喳叫着。
蜜蜂在花间飞改为蜜蜂在花的'海洋中翩翩起舞
一头大狮子蹲着改为一头大狮子盘腿坐着.
小木船划走了改为小木船高兴地游走了
花儿随风摇摆
花儿在风中舞蹈
小溪哗啦啦地流
小溪唱着欢快的各儿往前跑去
雨水淋在树上,树叶沙沙作响
调皮的雨滴搔大树的痒痒,使大树乐得浑身颤抖
啄木鸟在啄树皮里的虫
啄木鸟医生在为大树看病
蝴蝶在花丛中飞来飞去.
蝴蝶在花丛中翩翩起舞.
月亮挂在天空;眉毛似的月亮挂在天空。
小河哗啦啦地流。小河快乐的游着,哗啦啦得响
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