“爸爸,我们那儿没有下过这样大的雪”,女儿趴在窗边看着窗外飞舞的雪花说。“像无数的蝴蝶在飞。”
“我们住南方,很难遇到这样的大雪。”我走到窗前,站在女儿身边,看着漫天弥漫的雪花说。
有五年没有回到故乡了。女儿没有放寒假就嚷嚷要去奶奶家,要体验北方是怎样寒冷。我和妻子商量,今年回我母亲那儿过年,一来满足女儿的愿望,二来解我思念母亲和故乡之情。
“盈儿,奶奶小的时候,那雪下的比这大多了,一早儿起来都推不开门。”母亲和孙女说。她看着孙女,那眼神要把孙女融化了一般。
“妈妈,没有北方来,真想不到雪下得有这样大。”妻和母亲说。妻是南方人,没有见过弥漫大雪。
“‘燕山雪花大如席。’我们这远在燕山之北,雪花大如什么呢?”我问女儿。
“大如妈妈的纱巾。”女儿反应倒是迅速。
大家哈哈地笑了起来。母亲把孙女搂在怀里,用满是皱纹的手抚摸孙女细嫩红润的脸蛋儿。
“你爸爸像你这样大时候,下这么大的雪早就不知道疯哪儿去了。回家的时候,身上的棉衣快要湿透了。他就喜欢下雪,就爱在雪天里疯闹。”母亲抚摸孙女的脸,讲述我孩提时代的事情。
在南方生活了十余年,似乎被那里春天的温润、夏日的灼热、秋风的清爽、冬季的阴凉同化了。工作又忙,似乎淡忘了家乡飘雪时候的景致。妈妈的话勾起我对童年的回忆。望着窗外的飘雪,一种急不可待冲进大雪里的冲动在我的心中强烈地蹿了出来。
“我出去走走。”我对妻说。
“我也要去!”女儿嚷了起来。
“不行。你是南方娇滴滴的孩子,北风烟雪会把你的脸蛋儿刮伤的。”母亲抱着孙女,不让她去。
“盈儿,爸爸受得住,你不行的,”妻子走到女儿跟前,“在家时他就喜欢独自散步,不要打扰他。”
“哼!”女儿噘起小嘴,不情愿地又趴回窗上看下雪。
已近黄昏的时候,由于是阴雪天,四周昏暗下来。行人不多,但是大街上的车却不少,它们都开了车灯。雪花在灯光里更加显现出它们的狂虐和野性,毫无顾忌地舞动身躯,前赴后继扑向车轮,任车轮从它们身上碾过,并发出被剂压时才能发出“咯吱咯吱”的呐喊。离母亲家近处有一个人工湖,叫碟儿湖。湖不大,一对儿振翅欲飞的蝴蝶雕塑从湖边延伸到湖中。湖面已结冰,一片坦荡平整的洁白成了这对儿蝴蝶的映衬,纯洁、爱恋与茫然在那凝固不动的翅膀上和它们相依的身躯中淡然而现。湖周围是垂柳,柳下是甬路,路已被雪掩盖的没了痕迹。远处的楼房,近处的湖面,身边的垂柳,都被纷扬的雪花笼罩着。
十多年没有在雪天里走,今天脱开了所有的纷扰,默默地接受雪花的轻抚。看着它们忘我地覆盖万物,倾听它们缓缓落下而发出的细碎的声音,仿佛有种被纯洁洗礼般的感觉。穿的是一件红白相间的羽绒服,身上的红色恰似这白茫茫中的一丝点缀。踏着落定了的雪花,似乎我与雪合为一体了。于是便记起几句诗,吟了起来。
“烛龙栖寒门,光耀犹且开。日月之何不及此,惟有北风号怒天上来。燕山雪花大如席,片片吹落轩辕台。”
“北风卷地百草折,胡天八月即飞雪。忽如一夜春风来,千树万树梨花开。”
李白、岑参对雪花和北风的描绘与比喻可谓到了极至。“人生得意须尽欢,莫使金樽空对.....”,本来要说“月”,突然改了个“雪”字。金樽对雪,眼前有雪与我相伴,可金樽却无呀。湖东岸有个餐厅,楼身探入湖里。很好的去处,坐在餐厅里,喝几杯热酒,孤家寡人,独自领略久别的飘雪景致,倒也是雅士情趣儿。
里边的座位都有人吃喝。还好,靠湖方向有一小桌,一个人低头喝着酒。我坐在那人的对面,他没有抬头,自顾自地喝着。服务员过来招呼我。我问,这儿有什么好酒?她说了几种。问了价格,都很低。
“没有再好的?”我想,我要在微醉里欣赏从天而来的`精灵,要看着它们怎样用纯净的身躯和轻盈的舞姿来装点世间尘物。喝劣质酒岂不扫兴?
“好酒有,价格贵。五粮液。”
“有就行,就要它!”
“先生,点什么菜?”
“来个拼盘,小盘的。再要个青瓜丝烙。二两水饺,一起上。”
我侧坐着和服务员说话,没有看对桌的。要完酒菜便打量起他来。头发很短,已是花白了,点点头屑依稀可见。披着一件深蓝色的旧羽绒服,里边穿着退了色的浅灰色毛衣,是手织的那种,现在很少有人穿了。胡须弥漫嘴的四周,看来好些日子没有刮了。眼角的斜纹和两眉之间的竖纹都已很深,似乎凝聚着无人知晓的愁苦。面色青灰,目光呆滞。他的注意力一直在眼前的一碟花生米和用热水烫着的酒壶上。可以看出他还有生气之处,就是右手端盅,左手倒酒的动作,酒入口中后的满足。每喝一口,他都停上一段时间,仿佛品味才进肚那口酒的滋味,等待没有进肚的酒带给他的渴望和兴奋。他始终没有看我一眼。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成\"总—分—总\"结构
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
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