针对上述影响口语教学的主要因素,只有及时采取正确有效的.措施,才能全面提高学生的口语交际能力。
提高英语教师的专业水平,增强其口语交际能力各高职院校领导要把教师的在职教育提到一个新高度来认识,大力支持在职教师的继续教育。要制定英语教师进修、轮修计划,确保教师的知识更新、观念更新。各高职院校的英语教研室可以定期组织“英语沙龙”,加强全校英语教师的口语训练,有条件的院校可以聘请外教对英语教师进行定期的口语培训,使其口语交际能力增强,适应教学的要求。英语教师也要自觉加强理论学习和口语训练,提高自身的专业水平。 确保全英的、互动的课堂教学方式英语教师的教学理念发生了变化,专业水平提高了,口头交际能力增强了,这一切都有助于他们全面进行课堂英语的口语训练。全英教学时时刻刻提醒学生是在上英语课,不要说汉语。教师在讲授时说到学生听不懂的词语或短语可以写在黑板上,用简单的英语来释义,但不要说出汉语意思,给学生营造一定的语言环境,“逼”着他们开口说英语。同时,教师要加强研究课堂教学方法,激发学生的兴趣,引导学生积极主动参与,让教师的“教”成为一种引导,而学生的“学”成为课堂活动的主体,使课堂成为以学生为主,运用口语交流的活跃的学习场所,从而形成互动的教学模式。在互动的教学过程中,教师可以用提问的方式导入新课,引起学生的兴趣,启发他们思考。同时,教师的提问也给学生创造了一个运用英语进行口头表达的机会,使学生能够自然而然地进入语言的运用过程。在词汇、语法的教学中,可以采用教师讲解、学生造句的方式进行训练和检验;在对话学习中,可以采取让学生分角色表演的方式;在课文学习中,可以采取教师讲解后让学生进行复述的办法。教师也可就课文内容联系实际提出问题,让学生展开讨论。开展讨论练习初期,教师不必苛生语句表达得准确无误,关键是让学生张口讲英语,鼓起用英语发言的勇气,并养成习惯。
帮助学生克服心理障碍,鼓励学生大胆开口讲英语英语教师要使学生明白英语是一门语言交际工具,学英语不是单纯学语法而是要使用它来进行交流。要学会说,不要顾及语法是否正确,只要让别人听懂就行,多给学生开口说英语的机会。比如,上课时可抽出五分钟时间让学生轮流进行班级报告,这样既锻炼了他们的胆量,也锻炼了他们的口语水平。另外,还要对学生的进步及时表扬,对基础较好和较差的学生平等对待,特别对内向、腼腆的学生要多予鼓励和关心,使其克服紧张、羞怯的心理障碍及对母语的依赖性。有条件的院校可以请外教给学生上口语课,使学生消除心理障碍,信心大增,兴趣大大提高,这样其口语交际能力就会水到渠成地上一个新台阶。
学校、教师、学生齐努力,营造良好的语言环境除了营造一个良好的课堂语言环境外,还应大力改善课外的语言学习环境。电教中心和计算机中心的开设是外语教学的两大辅助手段。电教中心可以提供内容丰富、语音纯正的英语磁带、光盘、录像带等音像材料;计算机中心则可以利用多媒体技术辅助教学,让学生更多地接触真实的语言环境,身临其境,潜移默化,带着一种轻松愉快的心情学英语。这样,学生学到的不仅仅是书本上的英语,而且也是用于交际和工作的英语,使口语交际能力得到提高。另外,高职院校还可开通英语调频广播,在规定的时段播放外语节目,开播闭路电视,尽可能为学生创造良好的语言环境。大力开展丰富多彩的第二课堂活动,也是改善高职院校整体外语环境的有效手段之一。例如,成立英语角,每周组织一次活动,每次都有学生感兴趣的话题,每次活动可由口语较好的学生组织,也可有2~3名英语教师参加辅导。还可由学校组织开展诸如演讲比赛、朗诵比赛、课本剧表演大赛等活动,寓教于乐,使学生在轻松愉快的氛围中训练口语表达能力。学生自己也可发起“宿舍英语日”活动,舍友之间用英语进行日常交流,掀起说英语的热潮。
改革测试手段,强化口语培养不论是学校、教师还是学生本人,对全国或者省、市组织的统一考试都十分重视。可能是限于条件,口语测试一直没有。建议有关部门认真组织研究,就高职高专英语口语能力测试的标准、方式及内容等有关事项制定方案并尽快落实。
总之,高职高专英语教学的主要目的是在有限的学时内培养和提高学生的英语实际运用能力。高职院校的英语口语教学也应在这一教学目的指导下,确定合理的教学目标,改变过去的教学模式,采用科学的课堂教学方法,开辟丰富多彩的第二课堂,努力提高学生的口语交际能力,从而为社会培养更多的合格的高级应用型人才。
参考文献:
[1]Gillian Brown,George Yule.Teaching the spoken language[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983.
[2]王艳.在口语教学中培养学生的语言策略能力[J].外语界,2001,(3).
[3]舒丹丹.高职英语口语教学探究[J].中国职业技术教育,2001,(2).
[4]周建惠.关于高职英语教学中口语“课课练”的尝试[J].江西科技师范学院学报,2003,(4).
[5]张兵兵,吴国权.“大学英语”之心理学解析[J].大学英语,2000,(3).
分层又分为隐形分层和显性分层。王先荣提出隐形分层是以自然班为单位,综和考虑学生原有基础、智力特点、兴趣爱好、学习潜力等具体情况,“暗中”把相当水平的、某些方而相类似的学生归结为一个“层次”,并分配在不同的组内。显性分层教学是根据学生的英语知识基础、智力水平、学习能力、兴趣特点等因素,将其分成不同的教学班级,从而打破专业班级的界限,更加有针对性的进行教学活动。以期在学生接受能力的基础上,满足不同学生的需求。隐性分层时,教师不向学生公布分层标准和结果,只是在小组活动、座位排定等活动中对学生进行特定的安排,从而实现针对性的分层教学。显性分层操作相对简便,分层标准明确,考核方法简便,但是如果操作不当会引起部分学生的心理负担,影响到分层的效果,达不到分层的初衷;隐性分层能够很好的满足学生的心理需求,但是分层标准不透明,教学内容和教学方法的应用受到限制,同时教师在操作过程中容易受到个人主观因素的影响。
三、高职英
按要求改写句子知识点梳理
一、概述
按要求改写句子主要考查学生对句子结构的掌握以及用不同句型表达同一意思的能力。考查所涉及到的句子类型有一般疑问句、否定句、反意疑问句、选择疑问句、对划线部分提问、感叹句、保持原句意思、合并成一句、简单句和复合句之间的互换以及改为被动语态等。
二、解题时需注意的几个要点
1、时态:不同的时态相对应的助动词
一般现在时:谓语动词用原形(主语为第三人称单数时,动词加s或es,变否定句、疑问句时助动词为do或does)
一般过去时:谓语动词用过去式,变否定句、疑问句时助动词为did.
现在完成时:助动词have/has+动词的过去分词
过去完成时:助动词had+动词的过去分词
一般将来时:will/be going to +动词原形
过去将来时:would/was or were going to +动词原形
现在进行时:am/is/are+动词的现在分词
过去进行时:was/were+动词的现在分词
2、语态:主动语态变为被动语态的谓语结构
一般现在时:am/is/are+动词的过去分词
一般过去时:was/were+动词的过去分词
一般将来时:will be+动词的过去分词
情态动词:can/may/must/need等情态动词+be++动词的过去分词
3、改反意疑问句时注意hardly, never, seldom, few, little, no等词表达的是否定意义,变反意疑问句时用肯定形式。
4、在合并句子时,有些连词如not only…but also…, neither…nor…, either…or…是就近原则,连接两个主语时动词形式取决于与动词邻近的主语。而both…and…连接两个主语时,主语是复数。
5、简单句和复合句之间的互换常见的有:带有疑问词的宾语从句改为特殊疑问词+to+动词原形的不定式;结果状语从句so…that…改为enough to或too…to…的简单句。
6、保持原句意思改写句子时注意时态不变。
三、习题
练习一
1. We do our homework every evening. (改为否定句)
We _________ ________ our homework every evening. 对划线部分提问
________ ________ do they have a class meeting?
3. She could hardly understand this passage. (改为反意疑问句
She could hardly understand this passage, _________ __________?
4.The manager told him how to get useful information. (改为否定句
The manager _________ _________ him how to get useful information.
5. Tom’s sister can speak English and Japanese very well. (改为反意疑问句
Tom’s sister can speak English and Japanese very well, _________ _________?
对划线部分提问
_________ _________ he live twenty years ago?
7. Sam does some cleaning in the morning. (改为否定句
Sam _________ do _________ cleaning in the morning.
对划线部分提问
_________ _________ have the students worked on the survey?
9. Your father used to ride a bike. (改成反意问句)
Your father used to ride a bike, _______ ________? (对划线提问)
__________ ___________ the population of Germany?
11. Mr. Wang washes his car once a month. (改为一般疑问句)
Mr. Wang (对划线部分提问
will Susan come back from Athens?
13. My friends lost their way when they were traveling in Hong Kong. (改为一般疑问句
________ your friends ________ their way when they were traveling in Hong Kong?
14. 对划线部分提问
________ ________ has Yao Ming been in the Rocket Team?
15. She put the digital camera on the bed just now. (改为否定句
She _________ _________ the digital camera on the bed just now.
16. Mark's flown to Hainan Island for winter holidays. (改为反意疑问句
Mark's flown to Hainan Island for winter holidays, _________ _________?
(专辑. (划线部分提问
_________ did Super Girl Zhou Bichang _________ to Vienna?
18. I’ve already saved enough money to buy a new car. (改为否定句
I ________ saved enough money to buy a car ________.
19. Lily used to have long straight hair. (改为反意疑问句
Lily used to have long straight hair, ________ ________?
20. He has already been there .(改为一般疑问句
__________ he been there __________?
21.They decided that they wouldn't have the picnic because of the bad weather. (改为简单句
They decided __________ _________ have the picnic because of the bad
weather.
22. The English people hardly ever shake hands between the strangers .( 改为反意疑问句
The English people hardly ever shake hands between the strangers, __________ __________?
23. They grew some sunflowers in their garden last year.(改为否定句)
They __________ __________ any sunflowers in their garden last year.
24. Jane drinks milk every morning.(改为一般疑问句)
_________ Jane ___________ milk every morning? (就划线部分提问)
___________ map ___________ to Class 4?
26. You can choose only one of the two: a mini-TV or a DVD player. (改为选择疑问句
you want a mini-TV a DVD player?
27. That detective film is so amazing. (改为感叹句)
___________ ___________ amazing detective film!
28. He has some money left.(改成否定句)
He money left.
29. (划线部分提问)
do the members of the film society meet?
30. His mother knew why the little boy was unhappy all day. (改为一般疑问句
_______ his mother _______ why the boy was unhappy all day?
31. He looks very funny with that hat on. (改为感叹句
_______ _______ he looks with that hat on!. 对划线部分提问
_______ _______ they build this factory?
33. I have already finished the test paper.(改为否定句)
I ________ finished the test paper ________.
34. Johnson denied cheating in the competition.(改为反意疑问句)
Johnson denied cheating in the competition, ________ ________? (对划线部分提问) ________ ________ the story need to be funny?
36. Sam does some cleaning in the morning. (改为否定句
Sam _________ do _________ cleaning in the morning.
对划线部分提问 _________ _________ have the students worked on the survey?
38. (对划线部分提问) _________ _________ has he been a top fashion designer?
39. 对划线部分提问
________ ________ will they move into the new school?
40. to go to the People’s Square by underground. (对划线部分提问
________ _______ did it take you to go to the People’s Square by underground?
练习二:
1. Gold is less valuable than diamond. (保持句意不变
Gold is ________ ________ valuable as diamond.
2. He told the children to go and watch his tank of Ghost fish. (改为被动语态 The children ________ ________ to go and watch his tank of Ghost fish.
3. Unless I have a quiet room, I cannot do any work. (保持句意不变)
I cannot do any work ________ I _________ have a quiet room.
4. The manager arrived here a few minutes ago. (保持句意不变)
The manager has _________here ________ a few minutes.
5. They will send him to work in Japan for one year. (改为被动语态
He will ________ _________ to work in Japan for one year.
6. The words on the notice board are very small. I can’t see them clearly.(保持句子原意
The words on the notice board are small I can’t see them
clearly.
7. We can solve the problems with the help of the teacher. (改为被动语态 The problems can _________ _________ with the help of the teacher.
8. We can’t finish the work in such a short time. (保持原句意思
It’s _________ _________ us to finish the work in such a short time.
9. We must keep the noise under 50 dbs.(分贝(改成被动语态)
The noise must ________ _______ under 50 dbs here.
10. Mike doesn’t like classical music. Billy doesn’t either. (合并成一句) _________ Mike nor Billy __________ classical music.
11. The room is so dirty that we can’t live in it.(保持句意不变)
The room isn’t __________ _________ for us to live in.
12. No one knows when we will start tomorrow. (保持原句意思)
No one knows start tomorrow.
13. The Smiths will invite the professor to take part in the party. (改成被动语态 to take part in the party by the Smiths.
14. If you are not brave, you’ll lose your last chance.(保持原句意思)
you are ’ll lose your last chance.
15. They store much information in the computer. (改成被动语态
Much information ________ ________ in the computer.
16. Don’t throw rubbish here and there. Our teacher said to us. (合并为一句
Our teacher told us ________ ________ throw rubbish here and there.
17. If John doesn’t apologize for what he did, I will tell the teacher about his bad behavior.
(保持原句意思)
_______ John _______ for what he did, I will tell the teacher about his bad behavior.
18. I don't know where we can grow vegetables in the city. (改为简单句 I don't know _________ _________ grow vegetables in the city.
19. People used to enjoy themselves chatting on MSN when it worked well. (保持句意基本不变
People used to _________ a lot of _________ chatting on MSN when it worked well.
20. If you don’t improve your handwriting, you will lose marks in the exam. (合成同义句
You will lose marks in the exam ________ you ________ your handwriting.
21. To go fishing is fun. (句意不变 )
_____ is fun _____ ______ fishing.
22. Dick was so short that he couldn’t touch the top of the bookshelf.(保持句意基本不变)
Dick wasn’t __________ __________ to reach the top of the bookshelf.
23. “Can I borrow your bike for a while or not?”( 保持句意基本不变)
Tom asked his sister __________ he __________ borrow her bike or not for a while.
24. The couple couldn’t decide which flat they should choose at first. (保持原句意
思)
The couple couldn’t decide which flat at first.
25. Meaningless information is difficult for the little boy to remember. (保持原句意思)
is difficult for the little boy remember meaningless information.
26. People throw away millions of plastic bags in our city every day. (改成被动语态)
Millions of plastic bags away in our city.
27. She was so careless that she couldn’t find the mistakes in her test paper. (保持句意基本不变
She was _______ _______ to find the mistakes in her test paper.
28. We will hold the next Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008.(改为被动语态)
The next Olympic Games will _______ _______ in Beijing in 2008.
29. The elderly man pushed the birds into the river.(改为被动语态)
The birds ________ ________ into the river by the elderly man.
30. Dolphins are so clever that they can follow the instructions.(保持句意基本不变) Dolphins are ________ ________ to follow the instructions.
31. We can’t finish the work in such a short time. (保持原句意思
It’s _________ _________ us to finish the work in such a short time.
32. They invited the astronaut and his wife to the party on Christmas Eve.(改为被动语态
The astronaut and his wife _________ _________ to the party on Christmas Eve.
33. The little girl didn’t go to bed unless the grandmother told her a story. (保持句意基本不变
The little girl didn’t go to bed _________ the grandmother _________ tell her a story.
34. The plane is so big that it can carry 300 passengers at one time. (改为简单句)
The plane is big _________ _________ carry 300 passengers at one time.
35. Did they know the answer to the question? Ididn’t know… (合并为一句 I didn’t know ________ they had ________ the answer to the question.
Keys
练习一
1. don’t do 2. How often 3.could she 4.didn’t tell 5.can’t she
6.where did 7.doesn’t any 8.How long 9.didn’t he 10.What is
1:Peoples views onvary from person to person. Some hold thatHowever, others believe that
2:People may have different opinions on
3:Attitudes towards vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards
4:There are different opinions among people as to
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