1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
震撼!宇宙中有几千亿个银河系,一个银河系有几千亿个太阳,地球这粒灰尘不知最后会在宇宙中留下什么,就像我们这些灰尘不知最后会在人类社会中留下什么。
觉得很悲观。灾难降临的时候,蚂蚁会集结成团滚出火堆,只有球心的蚂蚁能活;老山羊会自***一般越出悬崖,让年轻的山羊踩着以自己身躯搭建成的瞬间的桥梁,越过悬崖保存种族。他们不用开会,不用表决。人类社会在灾难面前,我想大刘描写的那些混乱、内耗是大概率事件,甘愿做外层蚂蚁或自***老山羊的人数,远远不足以托起整个人类。把同一个人时而奉为神明时而贬成魔鬼的,是同一群人,这群人最终耗死了别人也消灭了自己。人类进化的同时也在不自觉的退化。
武侠也好,玄幻也好,科幻也好,任何题材的小说,作者最后写的都是人性。程心以爱的名义分两次灭亡了太阳系,她没明白爱与保护本身就意味着牺牲;罗辑与维德已经在自己能力内做到了最好,依然追赶不上人类的内耗、自残、败家的速度。地球的最后一次转危为安已经不是靠人类自己了,是中奖券一般的遇到了四维空间,然而四维空间和神一般云天明还是败给了以程心为代表的无比奇葩却无比真实的绝大多数人类。
对于一个普通人,当他差点毁灭地球的时候,我觉得他会扛不住压力自***,而程心做了两次还是顺利活到了宇宙时间的尽头,没看出大刘是在歌颂这个傻白甜的勇敢还是在讽刺这种人的没心没肺。
大刘给地球和人类世界敲了一记警钟,最终决定我们结局的,核心还是人类的群体思维和精神,有些东西不该在进化中被遗忘。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
三十三个小时,第一次读完一部科幻小说,雨果奖作品《三体》是一部科幻鸿篇巨作,整个过程充满了惊叹和深深的思考,在刘慈欣宏大的宇宙观中为读者总结了人类文明进程中的历史、政治、哲学、宗教、天文、数学、物理、计算机、人工智能等等领域的精髓。
把这本书看完了,实话实说牺牲了很多脑细胞,真是让我把所学的工科,历史,哲学都重学一遍!在此感谢度娘!
文中最喜欢这句话:给岁月以文明,而不是给文明以岁月;
自己的感悟:思想僵局和固有思维是科学创新的第一阻力;
1、当面对三体智子封锁的,很多科学家认为基础物理不可能有任何的发展,等待人类的终将是三体打击,没有任何反抗的机会,他们选择了自***;突破思想僵局和固有思维,才有黑暗森林法则的提出;
2、当人类制造了15%光速飞船时,认为自己有了对抗三体文明的法宝,不求进步,殊不知三体文明已经有了制造光速飞行器能力,最后等待人类只有毁灭;
3、当人类知道两次外来文明打击都是光速粒子时,面对人类文明的三条路,人类抛弃了黑域计划和光速飞船计划,选择了掩体计划,认为掩体能抵挡光速粒子打击,这种思想僵局和固有思维使人类做出了错误的判断,当更高文明二维打击出现时,整个银河系只能等待灭亡。
花费了很长的时间才把它读完,整体分为三部。第一部大致的讲述了文革中遭受迫害的叶文洁对人类的绝望,希望引入新的智慧外来物来改变自己不看好的人类世界。从而开始三体世界的介绍,出现了地球三体组织再到三体组织的破灭,叶文洁的离世。进入第二部分人类开始进入面壁计划,在面壁计划中罗辑在最后的时刻顿悟宇宙黑暗森林,用自己的生命作为信号开关震慑了三体世界。第三部分是基于一颗星星的程心因为这个星星做了执剑人,最终不负所望的怀着对人类的母爱摧毁了人类对三体的威慑力,将人类陷入困境,宇航地球人公布了三体的具体位置将人类从危机中解救出来,第二次的光速飞船的研究在程心的爱中贻误了时机,在最后的时刻醒了的程心在此意识到自己似乎做错了。最后以宇宙的归零结束。但我总觉得一切还没有结束,喜欢第三部,喜欢被爱的程心,更喜欢云天明。有的时候简单的往往就是真理有的时候我们往往会因为它的简单而忽略它,质疑它可是这个就是我们苦苦在寻找一个答案。
逻辑,罗辑这个是面壁计划的成功。思想到了,逻辑通了。程心,到底是对是错?她的选择在第三部都是导致人类陷入危机的直接原因,可是究竟对错这个是人们的选择,像关一帆说的一样,她是人民的选择人们选择了她,就是选择了爱,但陷入绝境却不是她希望的。反正宇宙终将归零人类终将毁灭有些事,有些对错又有什么意义?
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