做读书笔记并非简单的“摘、抄、辑、录”之类的纯技能性工作首先就有一个择取、筛选的问题。这“择取”和“筛选”要经过思考和判断必须在认真阅读之后以对书的内容有清楚的理解为前提。而通过做笔记又能促进对书的内容的更深刻的理解。
3.
评论式笔记不单是摘录,而且要把自己对读物内容的主要观点、材料的看法写出来。其中还可表达出笔记作者的感情。评论式笔记有下列几种:
1.书头批注
书头批注是一种最简易的笔记作法。就是在读书时,把书中重要的地方或自己最深的地方,用笔在字句旁边的空白处打上个符号,或者在空白处加批注。如***在读<伦理学原理>一书时,用朱墨两种色笔在书中作了不少的圈圈点点,遇到他认为观点正确、文字优美的地方,就批上“此论颇精”、“此言甚合
我意",认为不对的地方就画‘‘×”,或批上“不通¨、“荒谬”之类词句。
这种笔记方法只能在自己的书上用,这是应当注意的。
2.评注
评注笔记,是读完读物后对它的得失加以评论,或对疑难之点加以注解。例如顾维桢(捕风提影说思维>中的一段文字:
哥德尔的不完整定理。是数学史里的一个里程碑。原来在严谨的数学堡垒之中,竞有一大漏洞,而且这漏洞是无可填的。本来严谨的数学架构,以少数的公理为基础,以明确的推演为方法,导出七层宝塔似备辉煌威果来,真是美不胜收。而且高妙的数学架构,严谨之外,兼具普及性:貌似不同的事物,透过抽象
表达,往往可以归纳在同一种数学描述范围之内,看来真是放诸四海而皆;隹了。哥德尔却证明,凡是普及性高的正式逻辑系统,其中必有某些命题,是无法以这系统的逻辑去辨别其是非的。这毛病多半出在“只缘身在此山中”。
Fox is with the grape
Hungry of the fox see the grape to up hang the radiant and extremely keen grape of a string, saliva direct current, and want to pick to eat, but again
Can not take off.See in a short while, helplessly walked, and his side walk the side oneself to comfort to by oneself say:" this grape have noes familiar, affirmative
Is sour."
This is to say, and the some person's ability is small, and do to not accomplish anything, borrow to say the opportune moment immaturity.
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Wolf and egret
The wolf mistake swallowed a piece of bone, very suffered, running about, look for to visit the doctor everywhere.He met the egret, and talk to settle the service fees to invite him to take out the bone, egret to stretch in the wolf's throat the own head, and the 叼 outs bone, then toward to settle the good service fees wolfThe wolf answer says:" hello, friend, you can since the wolf 嘴 take back the head in the peace ground, and the difficult way return the dissatisfied foot, and how and still speak the guerdon?"
This story elucidation, guerdon badly person act charitably, and is a bad person of cognition and does not speak the reputation's innate character.
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Little boy and scorpion son
There is a child in front of city wall to catch the grasshopper, and in a short while caught the lots of.Suddenly see a scorpion son, he to think is also grasshopper,
Then two go to catch him.The scorpion son raises his poison to stab, say:" come, if you really dare to do like this, connect your grasshopper that catch to also would entirely lose."
This story warns people, and want to distinguish the pure good man with the bad person, and distinct to treat them.
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Drop at the fox in the well with the 公 goat
An only the fox take a wrong stepped the well, in spite of how he struggle can not still climb up, and have to be foolish there.The 公 goat feels
Thirsty pole, arrive at this well the side, and see the fox under the well, and then ask him the well water the how about it to drink?The fox feels the opportunity to come, heart inside
The 暗 pleaseds, right away the town quiet down, make every effort the laudation well water good drink, say this water is a world the first spring, pure and sweet and good to eat, and advise the goat to hurry up
Come down, and drink to heart's content with him.A the heart think only of to drink the water letter to think the true goat, then the without stopping to think ground jump downed to go to, and be his 咕咚咕 the 咚 painful
After finishing drinking, have to with the fox together totally the company ascend the well's way.Fox early contain preparation, he to archly say:" I pour to have a
Method.You pick with forepaw on the well wall, again Cape 竖直 , I behind carry on the back to jump up the well to go to from you, and pull you again to come up, we all
Save." the 公 goat agreed his proposal, fox to trample the feet of his empress, and jump he carry top on his back, and then make an effort from the Cape a
Jump, jump outed the mouth of a well.The fox go ups the hereafter, and the preparation alone escape.The 公 goat blames the fox and does not keep the 诺 speech.The fox returns overdo
Say to 公 goat:" hello, friend, beard that you of brains if resemble you are so perfect, you not to the extent of at did not see the pure exit it
Front blindly jump down to go to."
This story elucidation, cleverness of the person should to in advance think it over the affair's result, then just go to do.
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译文:
狐狸和葡萄
饥饿的狐狸看见葡萄架上挂着一串串晶莹剔透的葡萄,口水直流,想要摘下来吃,但又
摘不到。看了一会儿,无可奈何地走了,他边走边自己安慰自己说:“这葡萄没有熟,肯定
是酸的。”
这就是说,有些人能力小,做不成事,就借口说时机未成熟。
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狼与鹭鸶
狼误吞下了一块骨头,十分难受,四处奔走,寻访医生。他遇见了鹭鸶,谈定酬金请他取出骨头,鹭鸶把自己的头伸进狼的喉咙里,叼出了骨头,便向狼要定好的酬金。狼回答说:“喂,朋友,你能从狼嘴里平安无事地收回头来,难道还不满足,怎么还要讲报酬?”
这故事说明,对坏人行善的报酬,就是认识坏人不讲信用的.本质。
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小男孩与蝎子
有个小孩在城墙前捉蚱蜢,一会儿就捉了许多。忽然看见一只蝎子,他以为也是蚱蜢,
便着两手去捕捉他。蝎子举起他的毒刺,说道:“来吧,如果你真敢这样做,就连你捉的蚱蜢也会统统失掉。”
这故事告诫人们,要分辨清好人和坏人,区别对待他们。
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掉在井里的狐狸和公山羊
一只狐狸失足掉到了井里,不论他如何挣扎仍没法爬上去,只好呆在那里。公山羊觉得
口渴极了,来到这井边,看见狐狸在井下,便问他井水好不好喝?狐狸觉得机会来了,心中
暗喜,马上镇静下来,极力赞美井水好喝,说这水是天下第一泉,清甜爽口,并劝山羊赶快
下来,与他痛饮。一心只想喝水信以为真的山羊,便不假思索地跳了下去,当他咕咚咕咚痛
饮完后,就不得不与狐狸一起共商上井的办法。狐狸早有准备,他狡猾地说:“我倒有一个
方法。你用前脚扒在井墙上,再把角竖直了,我从你后背跳上井去,再拉你上来,我们就都
得救了。”公山羊同意了他的提议,狐狸踩着他的后脚,跳到他背上,然后再从角上用力一
跳,跳出了井口。狐狸上去以后,准备独自逃离。公山羊指责狐狸不信守诺言。狐狸回过头
对公山羊说:“喂,朋友,你的头脑如果像你的胡须那样完美,你就不至于在没看清出口之
前就盲目地跳下去。”
这故事说明,聪明的人应当事先考虑清楚事情的结果,然后才去做。
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爱德华在给罗塞讲解人体构成的时候,所列出人体组成如下:水30升,碳20千克,氨4升,石灰1.5千克,磷800克,盐250克,硝石100克,硫磺80克,氟7.5克,铁5克,硅3克,还有其余15种微量元素。我们把爱德华所说的`重量相加,这个人体重大概在55千克左右,按照美国化学及土壤局的数据,我们可以得出一个55千克的人,其体内元素组成如下:氧55*65%=35.75千克,碳55*18%=9.9千克,氢55*10%=5.5千克......
下面通过计算来看一下爱德华的炼成原料中碳氢氧3大元素所*的比例:
水的密度为1kg/L,30L=30kg,其中氧30*16/18=26.7kg,氢30*2/18=3.3kg
氨NH3的沸点为-33.33摄氏度,常温下为气态,密度0.588g/L,其中含氢4*0.588*3/17=0.415g,故可忽略
石灰分为生石灰CaO和熟石灰Ca(OH2,若使用生石灰,则含氧1.5*16/36=0.43kg;若使用熟石灰,则含氧1.5*32/74=0.65kg,含氢1.5*2/74=0.04kg
100g硝石KNO3中含氧100*48/101=47.5g
由于其他物质中不含有3大元素,暂不考虑
综合上面数据得出:一个55kg的人体内共有氧26.7+0.43(生+0.0475=27.1775kg或26.7+0.65(熟+0.0475=27.3975kg;氢3.3kg(生或3.3+0.04(熟=3.34kg;碳20kg。
对比两组数据,我们清晰看到,爱德华明显使用了过高比例的碳,而氧和氢的比例过低,犯下这样的错误能炼成功才怪,失去了身体也只能怪自己计算不精了。依我看来,买个计算器远比千方百计的寻找贤者之石有用的多!
提纲式笔记是用纲要的形式把书或文章的论点或主要论据,提纲挈领地记录下来,或是按原文的章节、段落层次,把主要内容扼要地写出来。提纲式笔记可分为提纲和提要两种:
1.提纲
提纲笔记要忠于原书或原文的框架体例或段落层次,对原书或全文作轮廓式的勾勒。它可以用原文的语句,也可以将自己的语言与之相结合来写。
2.提要
提要与提纲不同。提纲是逐段写出要点;提要是综合全文写出要点。
心得式笔记,是在读书之后写出自己的认识、感想、体会和得到的启发与收获的一种笔记。它有如下几种:
1.札记
札记也即留记,是读书时把摘记的要点和心得结合起来写成的。这种札记的形式是灵活多样的',可长可短。
2.
读后感又称读书心得。读者把自己读书后的体会、感想、收获写出来。读后感重“感",它可以是从书中领悟出来的真切的道理或精湛的思想,可以是受书中内容启发而引起的思考与联想。可以是因读书而激发出来的决心和理想,也可以是因读书而引起的对社会上某些现象的感触和评论。
好的读后感已成为报刊上常见的文章样式。写读后感.要注意以下几点:
首先,应该是从读书(包括报刊中引起的“感",离开了书,就成了别的文体。因此,读后感通常在开篇时即要表明“感"是从读什么书报而来,同时,还要载明材料出处。 其次,最好是一则读后感谈一个问题;如果内容多,感想多.可以写成几则,不要混在一起。读后感一定要中心明确,主旨集中。不管感想多么复杂,联想多么丰富,都围绕读物来引发,防止节外生枝。
最后,一个故事、一句话、一个数据、一段议论等等,不论材料大小都可引发读后感。但是决不能肢解原文,歪曲原意,也不要把自己的感想或增添的材料与作者的原文混杂在一起。概括原文要准确,引用原文要忠实。
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