在失败的`议论文写作中,还可以经常见到的一种就是材料+论点或论点+材料式的简单拼盘制作,材料是材料,论点是论点,两者就摆在那,至于两者之间的联系,只字不提。
事实上,对于作为论据的材料而言,不仅要叙述,更要引申,要引出材料与论据之间的联系,这样,才能更好地达到议论说理的目的。
例5、
用一颗善良的心对待生活。伟大的共产主义战士雷峰,人民的好公仆焦裕禄,人们的好干部孔繁森他们都有一颗善良的心。
在这一段里,就只是说了他们有一颗善良的心,而对他们怎样用善良的心对待生活只字不讲。而这些内容,无疑才是论证论点最需要的。
当然,议论文写作失败的原因不只是这三个方面,还有不少方面。这里,只是三个主要方面来谈,抛砖引玉,以引起同学们对议论文写作的注意,从而不断写出成功的作品来。
议论文有两种议论方式,即立论和驳论。立论是从正面证明所提出的论点。驳论是反驳错误的论点或错误的论据、论证。
以立论为主的议论文很常见,以驳论为主的议论文可参考鲁迅先生的《友邦惊诧论》,看鲁迅先生是怎样反驳论点和论据的。
议论文的结构方式有以下几种:
1.纵贯式结构。即按照引论(导论、绪论、本论(正文、结论三部分组织材料,符合提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的逻辑顺序。2.并列式结构。即紧紧围绕中心论点,用几个分论点构成并列关系,从不同角度共同论证中心论点。3.递进式结构。即作者阐述中心论点时,使文章的各个层次和段落逐层深入,从而推出文章的结论。4.对比式结构。即把正反两方面的观点或事例加以对比,使两种不同的观点或事例在对比中更加鲜明、清晰,以使正面的论点和主张更加突出。
明确了议论文的结构方式,有助于分析文章的结构层次,把握行文脉络,从而对文章作出准确的分析和判断。
知道了以上的方法,阅读时可采用精读、略读相结合的方法,注意从原文中筛选信息。要把表明作者观点的句子勾画下来,找出文章的中心论点;注意分析文章的段落层次,看符合哪种结构方式,运用了哪些论证方法等。
要注意认真阅读题干,带着问题从原文中寻找答案,对与题干无关的内容,可略读或不读。
aboutasto
getacquire(knowledge/skills
offerafford(jobopportunities
expectanticipatechanges/difficulities
solvetackle/grapplewith
raiseelevate/heighten
mostimportantoverriding/override
combinesynthesize
supportuphold(ournationalvalues
deepen
weak
usetoomuch
becauseof
satisfy
learn
finally
right
know
miss
dotogether
boring
balance
difference
prettybutlessuseful
fresh
happenagain
good
difficult
perfect
urgent
sad
many/toomuch
fast-growing
maketrue
should
control
broadenone’shorizon
spendAonB
AisimportanttoB
finishsthby
decidetodo
sthisimportant
finditdifficulttodofuelvfuelconflictssap/one’sconfidencestretchnaturalresourcestothelimitattributeto/ascribetomeet/begearedtoward+sthdrawonothers’experienceendupdoing/endwithmakesensenaildownpassuppitchinsitthroughequilibriumecologicalequilibriumdistinctionnicetiesnoveltyrecurringpaindesirableundesirable:notgoodchallengingflawlesspressingbittermounting/awealthofburgeoningpopulationfulfillbesupposetoholdfasttoone’sdreamexpandone’soutlookdedicateAtoBAbeanessentialingredientof/bepartandparcelof/bethecornerstoneofBexploreeveryavenuetowardmakeitapointtodobeamilepostinbehard-pressedtodo/haveahardtimedoingsth
conflictbeatoddswith
few/littleverylittle,ifany
opposefrownon
befullofbeinundated/saturatedwith
todoharmtobelikelytofallpreyto/bevulnerableto
concerncausegraveconcern/concernshavearisenabout
meanspelldisaster/troublefor
makesthsthAhasrenderBsth
tootosthhasreachedsuchproportionthat/…tothepointwhere…mostimportantmorethananything,/andaboveall
growtheproliferationoffast-food/cybergames
seesthobjectivelyputsthinperspective
thinksthmostimportantit’shardtooverstatethesignificanceofneedsthnecessitate/entail
bedevotedtobebenton/upon
showmirror/embody
differentthewholespectrumof
turningpointbeawatershed
accordingtointheeyesof
affecthinder
ageera
aimtargetv
andalongwith/aswellas
andsoonthelike
appearmushroom/springup/sproutup
applyputintopractice
askconsult
aspectsphere
attachenclose
attracttempt/appealto
audienceviewer
basisfoundation
beabletobecapableto
beconvenientatone’sconvenience
begoodatbeskilledat
behelpfulbeofhelp
beimportantbeofimportance
benearbearoundthecorner
beobviousitgoeswithoutsayingthat…/itisarguablethatberisingskyrocket/rocket/soar
besuretobeboundto
besurprisedatbeamazedat
beuselessbeofnouse
bearbeloadedwith
becauseofdueto
becomefashionablecomeintoafashion
becomehappycheerup
beforeoriginal
buildfound/putup/shape
buyafford
byoneselfallalone
carefulattentive
causeattributeto/leadto
changemodify/shift/fluctuation
changewithvarywith
cheatingdeception
choosefrommakeachoicebetween
clearevident/self-evident
comefromstemfrom/springfrom
comeoutcomeforth
complainplaceacomplaintagainst
considerconvince/figureout/givethoughtto
consider…..importantattachimportanceto/laymuchemphasisuponcontinuegoahead
controlinthegripsof
cooperatejoinhandswith
decidedetermine
deepprofound/far-reaching
dependonhingeupon/counton
dependononeselfliveonone’sown
developcultivate/buildup
difficultybarrier
diligentindustrious
dogoinfor/carryout
dogooddofavor/helpv
dropdecline/ontheebb
eatlessgoonadiet
emphasisputahighvalueon/treasurev/valuev/cherishv
enablefacilitate
encouragespursbonto/motivate
endangerjeopardize
enforcestrengthen
engagemajorin
enjoybecrazyabout
enlargebroaden
enoughadequate
evaluatespeakhighlyof
explainuavelthemysteryof/accountfor/beresponsiblefor
facebefacedwith/faceup
failfrustrate
failurefrustration
fameprestige
famousprominent
famouspeoplegalaxy
feelingpassion/sentiments
findlocate
findoutsortout
finishaccomplish
firelayoff
fixinginstallation
focusoncenteron
forexampleacaseinpoint
foreverpermanent
futureprospective
getacquire/regain
getridofeliminate
givegrant/issue
give/supplyprovide…with
giveattentiontogivepriorityto
globaluniversal
goonbringforward
goalheart’sdesire
goodbeneficial
goodstudentstopstudents
goodsnecessity
greatenormous/dramatic
greatprime/utmost
greetingsregards
growflourish
happinesswell-being
havepossess
havearelationshipwithbeontermswith
hopelookforwardto
hopetodosthbeeagertososth./longtodosthhopefulpromising
ignoreneglect
illnessdisease
importantessential/vita
improveenhance/boost/upgrade
improvementadvance
ingroupsintwosandthrees
includemakeup
increasesoar
influencemold
intendtargettodosth./bemeanttodointerestedcrazy
interestinglywithgreatinterestintroductionprospectus
investigationsurvey
joboccupation/employment
joinmaintain/holdonto
keepmaintain/holdonto
killoneselfcommitsuicide
knowgrasp/beawareof/knowaboutknowledgecommand
leavedepartfrom
likepreference
limitconfine
loadburden
lookaroundexamine
lookforruninto/huntfor
lookup…inreferto
lowerinferior
makenervousplacestrainon
makeprogressmakeleapsin/pressforwardmakesureguarantee
makesurethattoseeitthat…
manyberichin/countless
meetruninto/comeacross
messchaos
necessaryindispensable
needbeinneedof
nothesitatefeelfreetodosth
notknowbeignorantof
number
obvious
occupation
offer
only
outcome
overcome
pass
payattentionto
people
perform
period
文议论的是理。这个理要条例人们认识的实际,生活的实际,要有科学性。这个理本身就得正确,站得住,这样才能使人信服。否则,就很难使人相信。
【例1】
:抛开规定看道德
德是人们一种约定俗成的行为规范,本身就是一种规定。抛开规定,这道德怎么看?所以说这个论点自身就不符合实际。论起来,自是南辕北辙,越扯越远。
【例2】
因为你在痛苦时还会想到,我并不是最痛苦的那一个。一个人,成就的事业越大,他所面对的痛苦也就是会越大。
作者的本意是谈在你痛苦时,你应想到还有比你更痛苦的人,这样,你就会觉得自己的痛苦其实并算不了什么,从而能减轻痛苦的感受。这个提法不错。可是后面一句,将事业的大小与痛苦的大小说成正比关系,这就值得推敲了。显然的是,事业与痛苦,并不存在这样的一种正比关系。
议论文的语言严密、准确,概括性很强,往往运用长句(使用修饰语)来阐述。又由于议论文的`逻辑严密,推理合理,因此,其结构非常严谨。为此,分析语言时,要抓修饰限制语,用语法分析法进行剖析。平时,可找出鲁迅先生的议论文进行分析,看其语言有什么特点。
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