1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
①植物对周围环境的反应,最奇妙的莫过于它的生长方向,比如从一粒小小的植物种子萌发开始,它就知道根应该往地下生长,而茎干则伸向天空。这是一个极为普通的现象,然而植物为什么会这样呢它是怎样懂得“上”和“下”的概念呢又是什么力量促使它选择根朝下、茎朝上的生长方向呢怎样解释这种生理机制
②不久之前,美国俄亥俄州立大学的植物学家迈克尔·埃文斯以及他的同事,提出了一个崭新的理论。他们认为,无机钙对于植物的生长方向起着举足轻重的作用。因为他们在研究中发现,在植物的弯曲生长过程中,无论是根冠下侧部位还是芽的上侧部位,都存在着高含量的无机钙。那么无机钙又是如何使植物辨别方向的呢埃文斯解释说,因为根冠有着极为丰富的`含淀粉体的细胞,而这种含无机钙的淀粉体细胞会把其内部的钙送到根冠下侧。这时,如果用特殊的实验手段去阻止钙的移动,植物马上就会表现出不按正常的方式去生长。同样,植物的芽虽然没有冠部,但也含有丰富的淀粉体细胞,淀粉体细胞也能将其内部的无机钙送到芽上侧的细胞中,这显然说明,无机钙对植物生长方向有着不可忽视的重要作用。
③那么,既然淀粉体细胞内有许多无机钙,而淀粉体细胞又能使无机钙在植物体内来去自如,除了重力之外,淀粉体细胞又是*哪一种力量使无机钙如此方便地上下移动呢最近,美国德克萨斯州立大学的研究人员斯坦利鲁在研究中发现,这是由于淀粉体细胞的上端和下端之间的电荷不同,两端电荷的不一致引起细胞极化。结果,为数众多被极化的淀粉体细胞排列在一起,总电荷就强得足够吸引任何相反电荷的钙原子,驱使它们在体内移动。于是斯坦利鲁提出,由于细胞的极性带动钙的移动,从而导致植物茎干总是向上生长,而根则朝地下生长。
④由谁控制植物生长方向的研究课题已日趋深入,这种神奇的力量取决于什么?是无机钙?是细胞的极性还是数者兼有之目前依然有待于更进一步的探索。
12、文中最能说明无机钙对植物生长方向有着不可忽视的重要作用的一项是(3分)
A、植物根冠下侧部位和芽的上侧部位,都存在着高含量的无机钙。
B、植物根冠中含无机钙的淀粉体细胞会把其内部的钙送到根冠下侧。
C、植物的芽中含无机钙的淀粉体细胞能将其内部的无机钙送到芽上侧的细胞中。
D、用特殊的实验手段去阻止无机钙的移动,植物马上表现出不能按正常的方式去生长。
13、对文中第③段内容的理解有错误的一项是(3分)
A、淀粉体细胞的上端和下端之间不一致的电荷引起细胞极化。
B、为数众多被极化的淀粉体细胞排列在一起会产生很强的总电荷。
C、电荷相反能引起相吸是导致无机钙原子流动的科学原理。
D、淀粉体细胞的极性带动无机钙的移动解答了植物生长方向之迷。
12、(3分)D
13、(3分)D
1.C
2.推广使用生物信息识别技术制作的证件的必要。
3.②使用识别生物信息证件时错误率可能会升高④生物信息证件存在遗失、被盗和被复制的危险。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成\"总—分—总\"结构
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
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