Dear professor Jackson:
I am indeed very sorry that I missed the examination you gave on Moby-Dick last Wednesday. I feel badly about it and want you to know what happened.
On my way to class that day,I had a flat tire,and I had to go with the mechanic when he repaired it. It took me more than one hour to get it done. A copy of the bill is enclosed.
I sincerely hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. I would appreciate your allowing me to take a make up examination. I will #e to your office during your office hour on Monday to discuss this possibility with you. Once again,I''m sorry fro any inconvenience caused.
Sincerely yours,
Alice
论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅,任何一篇文章只有一个中心论点,一般可以有分论点。论点应该鲜明、准确、概括,绝不可模棱两可,让人捉摸不定。
论据是用来证明论点的材料,有事实论据和理论论据两种。事实论据用事实来说话,而理论论据靠经典性取胜。论据必须围绕中心论点,这是一个最基本的要求。选用的事例与论点若不能保持一致,势必削弱说服力量。像高考题《假如记忆可以移植》,若写议论文,就必须要弄清“记忆”与“记忆力”的区别,有的考生所举的事例就明显犯了论据与论点游离的错误,举了郭沫若倒背《红楼梦》的事例,使说服力大打折扣。选用事实论据还要注意几点:①论据必须具有典型性。典型就是指论据要具有代表性。②论据必须具有新颖性。不少学生的议论文写作离不开一些陈旧的事例,像一写失败与成功的关系,似乎就离不开爱迪生发明灯泡,一写逆境成才就非写张海迪不可,类似的内容不是说不可以用,而是说你用,他用,大家都用,谁的作文与众不同呢?③论据的表述要精练、简要,与记叙文的`表述不同,它只要求表述出与论点相关的内容即可。
论证是议论文写作的重要一环,它包含的内容也较多。①论证的基本类型:立论、驳论。立论从正面论述,驳论从反面论述。我们写议论文一般以立论为主。②论证的基本结构层次:三段论式的结构。提出问题(是什么)→分析问题(为什么)→解决问题(怎么办)也即:引论、本论、结论。
常见的论证结构有总分总式结构、对照式结构、层进式结构、并列式结构四种。一篇文章中段与段之间,句与句之间灵活地运用多种论证结构层次会使议论文更具活动性。
常用的论证方法有例证法、喻证法、对比论证、引证法等。
二、如何做到到开门见山提论点
不少议论文往往因"事"生"议"。在表现形式上,文章开头总是援引事例,而后展开议论。像《反对自由主义》等文章开门见山提出论点,在中学生的作文中是十分罕见的。开门见山提出论点,旗帜鲜明,立论醒目。下面三段文字就具有这样的特色:
(1)学习要打好基础。“根深才能叶茂”,就是说的打基础的重要性。司马迁如果不在年轻时“读万卷书,行万里路”,能写出流传千古的《史记》吗?达芬奇小时候如果不在"画蛋"上狠下功夫,后来能成为绘画的一代宗师吗?爱因斯但幼年时缺少聪明才智,但他发扬了"人一知之,我十知之,人十知之,我百知之"的精神苦练基本功,终于攀登上科学的高峰。古往今来,无数有成就的学者、专家,都用自己的经历,雄辩地作了证明!
(2)“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”意味着什么?那就是牺牲。这种牺牲,不是为了个人,而是为了普天下的人民,因而崇高而伟大!这种牺牲,不是为了私利,而是为了国家的公利,因而可与日月争辉!牺牲的是名利、地位乃至生命,但赢得的却是国家的兴旺、人民的敬仰。
Dear dad,
It’s so late,almost 11:00 at night.Have you entered into the sweet dream yet?I haven’t seen you for a long time.I miss you so much.Can you hear my sincere words?Maybe you’ll never know I miss you so much!
Do you still remember the happy days when we were all together?During those days we were full of sunshine.You and mum often took brother and me to the park.We always saw the ice-cream tear.Sometimes,you stayed at home and cooked some delicious food for us.We often waited for you and played with you.You could lift me very high.We always had a good time.You also concerned about my lesson.But you have never chastised me and lectured me.You were full of thoughts for me.What’s more,you were my best father in my heart.You were the envy of my friends.I was happy for a long time.But now,all things have changed.You can’t take care of me.You aren’t at home all day.Sometimes,I go to bed late,but I still can’t see you.Are you busy?No!you often play cards with your work friends in the factory.So you can’t go back home early.I’m angry to hear that!Do you know?If you don’t come back,we’ll worry about you.I often see you and mum should divorce in my dream.I’m very scared,because I want to have a happy family.I can’t control my tears and often suffer from insomnia the whole night.
Dad,I want to see you and talk with you.But I have no courage to tell you.But I hope you can care our family.Dad!Could you hear my voice?
Hope you keep healthy and best wishes.
Dear David:
I am afraid that you will think me unpardonably negligent in not having answered your letter dated 7, December sooner, but when I have told you the reason, I trust you will be convinced that the neglect was excusable. When your letter arrived, I was just in Hong Kong. As my family could not forward it to me during my absence, it has been, therefore, lying on my desk until the moment when I took it up. Now the first thing I have to hasten to do is to write to you these few lines to express my deep regret.
I enjoyed many pleasant sights during my trip. I shall be pleased to give you an account to of them when I see you next.
Sincerely yours,
Tom
dear david:
i am afraid that you will think me unpardonably negligent in not having answered your letter dated 7, december sooner, but when i have told you the reason, i trust you will be convinced that the neglect was excusable. when your letter arrived, i was just in hong kong. as my family could not forward it to me during my absence, it has been, therefore, lying on my desk until the moment when i took it up. now the first thing i have to hasten to do is to write to you these few lines to express my deep regret.
i enjoyed many pleasant sights during my trip. i shall be pleased to give you an account to of them when i see you next.
sincerely yours,
tom
亲爱的戴维:
请原谅我收到您12月7日的来信后迟迟未复,现将原因告诉您,相信您一定会谅解的。您的来信到来时,我正巧在香港,家人无法及时转递。你的信一直放在我写字台上,直到我回到才看见,拖至今天才回信,深表歉意。
这次出去旅行饱览了许多美丽景色,下次见到您时,将告诉您一切。
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