在论证中,运用正面事例与反面事例相结合,就是正反对比。这样优与劣、好与坏、美与丑自然会鲜明突出。这种方法可以广泛运用于各种文章的写作中。例如:
贝多芬甩开了尘世的喧嚣,在音乐的国度里尽情跳跃;居里夫妇抛弃了名利的纷扰,在科学的世界中迈出了更深远的步伐;陶渊明忘却了世俗的黑暗,在自由的南山中悠然采菊……他们的人生轻松徜徉,嗅着人间的芬芳。而别里科夫被世俗束缚在套子里,葛朗台被金钱拖至了死神的身边,他们没有全力轻松地奔跑,最终被卷入世俗的浊流中…… (高考满分文《轻松起跑》)
技巧使用指导:把“贝多芬”“居里夫妇”“陶渊明”这些正面材料与“别里科夫”“葛朗台”这些反面材料,进行对比分析,一者是轻松的跑,一者是不轻松的跑,进行对比,其精神境界的高低、优劣显而易见,这就是文章的对比手法的妙处。
用比喻来说明道理的方法,可以叫做“喻证法”。这是运用类比推理形式进行论证的一种方法。
例如:
云朵则是天空的粉妆。清晨的云被染成鲜嫩的粉红,如初生的婴儿的脸颊,血色柔和。黄昏的云被镀上金橙色,如斑斑锈迹,闪耀着孤独岁月逝去的光辉。有一个成语叫做“白云苍狗”,天空每日便上演着一部《白云苍狗》的电影,观众有稚嫩的孩童,有迟暮的老人,他们从变幻莫测的云朵中,或找到了童年时品尝的甜蜜的棉花糖,或找到了童话故事里云的国度。
孟浩然诗曰:“微云淡河汉,疏雨滴梧桐。”天空的粉妆融化了,晶莹的雨水便落了下来。我们无法亲吻辽远的天空,却能亲吻到天空的眼泪——雨。点点滴滴的雨,愁煞过词人李清照,愁煞过贺铸:梅子黄时雨。我们坚硬却裂缝百出的心,被雨润泽,然后从心灵的旱地上长出一株新绿,从心灵的尘埃上开出一朵洁白。这柔弱的植物吸饱了天空的泪,在风中摇曳生长,离天空近了一点,又近了一点……(江苏卷满分作文《怀想天空》)
这两段文字文彩飞扬,联想丰富,给人以哲理的启迪和审美的雅趣。“亲吻天空的眼泪——雨”,显得何等多情,何等美妙!“离天空近了一点,又近了一点”,引发了多少遐思!
水。站在山顶,远远的小城环抱在水的怀里。“一条古时水,在我手心流”。我们都摊开手掌,让雨水在上面汇集。那些细小的沟渠刹那间就填满了,汇成小流,汇成溪,汇成江河,汇成大海,终成一片汪洋。我们都感动了,泪水也就势汇进手中的海里。你知道吗,站在这山上,我们看到了一片海,那是我们心中的海,比真正的海更加波涛汹涌,肆意汪洋。
风吹起来了。“风啊,你吹起来吧,摇动我呆滞的目光,成两条波光涟潋的溪流,我将以你的慈爱,重以手指,蘸着时间。”我已经忘却了这诗人的名字,却永远记得这诗。风吹起来了,带来远方的寒意,远方的歌,远方的希望。 (湖南卷满分作文《诗意地生活》)
这两段文字从游历中对 “水”“风”的感受入手,巧妙地点出人应“永远诗意地歌唱,诗意地生活”的题意。写景非常细腻、形象,语言流畅、优美,读来给人美的享受。
用两个相同的事例,结合起来分析,就是一种论证方式。如果手头有两个以上的人物素材该怎样用呢?决不能只是简单的材料堆积,可以将几个论据用排比方式组合起来,相互补充,形成集团效应。例如:
冰心说:“成功的花儿,人们只惊羡它现时的美丽。当初它的芽儿浸透了奋斗的泪水,洒遍了牺牲的细雨。”如果遭遇挫折,仍能以奋斗的英姿与之对抗,那么这样的人生是辉煌的。当苏武被流放到北海时,北海的羊群咩咩地叫着,似在欢迎这位坚贞不屈的大汉臣子。这十几年的痛苦如果可以当作是一次挫折,那么这次挫折无疑是痛苦的,可是这位牧羊老人从未曾放大痛苦,于是十几年后,大汉的丹青上书写下了民族不屈的坚贞气节。昭君出走大漠,丝绸之路上又多了一串驼铃的丁冬声,“千载琵琶作胡语,分明怨恨曲中论”不应该是她真实心态的写照吧!如果不赂画师,终至出塞算是一次挫折,那么是挫折换来了汉匈两地人民的短暂安宁。
苏武和昭君的举动应该是对直面挫折、缩小痛苦的心理的诠释。人生只有走出来的美丽,没有等出来的辉煌,因此直面挫折,化解痛苦才是我们的最佳选择。(高考满分文《生命是一朵常开不败的花》)
技巧使用指导:“苏武被流放到北海”“昭君出走大漠”这两个事例,作者是如何联系在一起的?两个事例并列使用,相互支撑。本段的结构是:名言+两个事例+分析。以“直面挫折,化解痛苦”为中心,对两个人物所蕴含的精神进行深刻剖析,从而有力地突出了主题。
在议论文的写作中,使用论据要讲究方法。既讲究理论论据,又讲究事实论据,事实可以直观地再现情景。要注意设问与举例相结合。例如:
是爱迪生吧?他一手持蛋,一手持表,准备把蛋下锅煮五分钟,但是他心里想的是一桩发明,竟把表投在锅里,两眼钉着那个蛋。
是牛顿吧?专心做一项实验,忘了吃摆在桌上的一餐饭。有人故意戏弄他,把那一盘菜肴换为一盘吃剩的骨头。他饿极了,走过去吃,看到盘里的骨头叹口气说:“我真胡涂,我已经吃过了。”
这两件事其实都不能算是健忘,都是因为心有所旁鹜,心不在焉而已……
忘不一定是坏事。能主动地彻底地忘,需要上乘的功夫才办得到。孔子家语:“哀公问于孔子曰:‘寡人闻忘之甚者,徙而忘其妻,有诸?’孔子曰:‘此犹未甚者也,甚者乃忘其身’。”徙而忘其妻,不足为训,但是忘其身则颇有道行。人之大患在于有身,能忘其身即是到了忘我的境界。(梁实秋《健忘》)
技巧使用指导:文段围绕“健忘”这个主题,选取 “爱迪生”“牛顿”“白居易”三个事例说明“忘”的涵义、范围,围绕“忘其身即是到了忘我的境界”的观点,典型准确,很有说服力。用例先开头用设问,然后再用例分析,这是一种论证方式。
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learn
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beabletobecapableto
beconvenientatone’sconvenience
begoodatbeskilledat
behelpfulbeofhelp
beimportantbeofimportance
benearbearoundthecorner
beobviousitgoeswithoutsayingthat…/itisarguablethatberisingskyrocket/rocket/soar
besuretobeboundto
besurprisedatbeamazedat
beuselessbeofnouse
bearbeloadedwith
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becomefashionablecomeintoafashion
becomehappycheerup
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buildfound/putup/shape
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causeattributeto/leadto
changemodify/shift/fluctuation
changewithvarywith
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choosefrommakeachoicebetween
clearevident/self-evident
comefromstemfrom/springfrom
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deepprofound/far-reaching
dependonhingeupon/counton
dependononeselfliveonone’sown
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dogoinfor/carryout
dogooddofavor/helpv
dropdecline/ontheebb
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endangerjeopardize
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enjoybecrazyabout
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explainuavelthemysteryof/accountfor/beresponsiblefor
facebefacedwith/faceup
failfrustrate
failurefrustration
fameprestige
famousprominent
famouspeoplegalaxy
feelingpassion/sentiments
findlocate
findoutsortout
finishaccomplish
firelayoff
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focusoncenteron
forexampleacaseinpoint
foreverpermanent
futureprospective
getacquire/regain
getridofeliminate
givegrant/issue
give/supplyprovide…with
giveattentiontogivepriorityto
globaluniversal
goonbringforward
goalheart’sdesire
goodbeneficial
goodstudentstopstudents
goodsnecessity
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greetingsregards
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happinesswell-being
havepossess
havearelationshipwithbeontermswith
hopelookforwardto
hopetodosthbeeagertososth./longtodosthhopefulpromising
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influencemold
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interestinglywithgreatinterestintroductionprospectus
investigationsurvey
joboccupation/employment
joinmaintain/holdonto
keepmaintain/holdonto
killoneselfcommitsuicide
knowgrasp/beawareof/knowaboutknowledgecommand
leavedepartfrom
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limitconfine
loadburden
lookaroundexamine
lookforruninto/huntfor
lookup…inreferto
lowerinferior
makenervousplacestrainon
makeprogressmakeleapsin/pressforwardmakesureguarantee
makesurethattoseeitthat…
manyberichin/countless
meetruninto/comeacross
messchaos
necessaryindispensable
needbeinneedof
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议论文的写法主要是论证。论证,从形式逻辑角度说,是运用论据证实论点的全部逻辑推理过程,这个过程表示论据和论点之间是用何种逻辑的方法联系起来或统一起来的。
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