1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
高职教育是以就业为导向的教育,其目标是培养高素质的技能型人才。而高职英语教学则承担着提升学生语言交际能力、开拓学生视野、转变学生思维方式、拓展学生发展空间的重任。但是现实的情况并不乐观。高职教育规模的迅速扩张,使班级的容量过大,在一定程度上影响了对于学生个体的关注,影响了教学效果。另外,生源范围的扩大,学生来源层次的多元性使得学生的英语水平参差不齐,这就使教学效果受到了很大的影响。而分层教学可以再很大程度上弥补这些不足。在教学内容上,分层教学可以根据学生的现有的英语学习状况,调整安排更加具有针对性的学习内容;在教学目标上,分层教学可以根据不同层次学生的需求,制定更加个性化的目标,更加关注学生的个人发展;在教学效果上,可以使不同层次的学生都有成功的体验,从而实现一种心理上的满足,激发学习兴趣,增强学习动力。
高职英语教学是以以下假设为前提的:一、由于先天或后天的某种主客观因素的影响,学生在学习基础、认知水平、接受能力等方面是存在差异的,并且这种差异会在一定程度上影响到其今后的学习效果。二、通过分层教学,即通过改变教学活动的组织形式,选择与学生基础和接受能力相适应的个性化的教学内容和教学方法,可以使学生在不同层次上不断提高,使低层次的学生不断的有效的向高层次推进,最终达到共同的教学目标。三、分层教学为学生提供了更多的更适合的学习、发展的机会,目的是调动学习者的智力因素、情感因素达到最佳状态,二者共同配合,促进学习者能够更加有效的掌握知识,提高能力。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
“层次性原理”认为教学过程是师生交流的过程。交流可分为不同层次:元素层次(词语交流;命题层次(语句交流;模式层次(语句网络交流。师生的交流必须在同一层次下才能进行。不分层的常规教学中,教师必须兼顾到同一班级不同学生的需求和接受能力,这在一定程度上必然是以牺牲部分学生的学习积极性为代价的。并且当需求、接受能力、英语基础等影响因素过于多样性的时候,教师很难在课堂上达到兼顾,即在此种课堂中很难找到一种可供交流的同层次的语言。而分层教学较好的解决了这一问题。
20世纪80年代,美国著名应用语言学家克拉申在研究人的第一语言输入过程中提出了著名的“i+1”理论。这一理论认为,人类只有获得可理解性的语言输入,才能习得语言。这也就是说,人们只有在理解了语言的含义之后才可能习得这种语言,人们习得语言的唯一途径就是获得可理解性的语言输入。他用“i+1”来表示可理解的语言输入。“i”代表学习者的现有水平,“1”代表稍微超出学习者现有水平的语言知识。如果学习的内容远远超出学习者现有的水平,即输入的语言知识对于学习者来说是不可理解的,那么就会使学习的效果大打折扣。
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