例11.云卷云舒,卷舒的是心灵的纯净无暇;雁过雁往,过往的是人性的清姿丽影;花开花落,开落的是灵魂的郁秀芬芳。(山东日照满分文《给我一个懂你的机会》作者文笔优美,此开头选取了自然界中几个画面进行描写,用语典押,句式整齐,朗朗上口,富有韵味。
当然,开头运用景物描写,要注意三个方面:一是写景的文字不能过多,不能一写到景物,就没完没了,无始无终,结果,景物写了很多,显得头大身子小,文章不匀称;二是要重点突出,主要景物多写一些,次要景物点一下即可,不能样样都写,结果都没有写好;三是写景是为人和事服务的,要与文中所写的人和事有密切关联,景与人事不能脱节,更不能把景物写成了文章的累赘。
请看下面这个开头:
瓦蓝瓦蓝的天,丝丝缕缕的轻云如烟般缭绕,夕阳的光辉洒满田间,万条金线接天浮动,玫瑰色的光彩,映在绿得发黑的菜上,叶面上像抹了一层油,亮闪闪的。
这段文字,是习作《路过天堂》的开头,用的.全是景物描写,主要是仰视之景,夕阳下的美景,蓝天、轻云、夕照的光彩、碧绿的菜叶,渲染了美好的情境,为写“我”下文“路过天堂寨”提供了优美的环境背景。读后有身临其境之感,令人心驰神往,显然是一个好的开头。
例1.小时候,对印在连环画、贺卡上那些“挥着翅膀的孩子——天使”爱得痴迷。那纯洁的,绒棉似的白翅膀是一切美好的象征,它装饰着我儿时的梦。(重庆满分文《白翅膀装饰着我的梦……》开头这篇文章一开头就交代自己喜欢白翅膀,并用“它装饰着我儿时的梦”既照应文题,又领起下文。这种开头能给人干脆利落,入题快捷,不枝不蔓的感觉。应为考场作文开头的首选方法。
例11.幸福是什么?(山东济宁满分文《幸福小语》文章以“幸福是什么?”开头,独句成段,发人深思,引起下文。下文分别用“司马迁说”“陶潜说”“李太白说”“刘禹锡说”“陈景润说”“林肯说”“甘地说”“我说”来高度概括8个人的幸福观,起到了“万箭攒射”的效果。作者丰厚的积累可见一斑。
例9.雄鹰拥有翅膀,就能展翅高飞;飞机拥有翅膀,就能翱翔蓝天。我也幻想有一对翅膀,风雨中让我展翅飞翔,没有谁能把我阻挡飞越世界的梦想。(重庆满分文《假如给我一双翅膀》开头此开头由雄鹰、飞机起兴,倾诉“我”对梦想的执著之情,为下文描绘那些拥有翅膀的种种理由设置了悬念。
例3.又是炎夏了,开始有知了叫了。(北京满分文《动力来自那双眸子》开头这篇文章不落别人窠臼,独辟蹊径,从小处切入,从一双具体可见、可感的“眸子”切入,来写一位数学教师的目光情感的传达,给班上的每一位学生所带来的阳光般的温暖和突飞式的进步。此处开头的自然环境描写,既渲染了特定的气氛,衬托了人物的心情,又推动了故事情节的发展。
例7.曾经留恋“秦王扫六合,虎视何雄哉”的`英雄幸福,曾经追求“采菊东篱下,悠然见南山”的隐士幸福;也曾经探寻“会当凌绝顶,一览众山小”的志士幸福。但是我毕竟是我,我要去采撷最美丽的幸福,来点缀无悔的青春!于是,我乘上幸福专列,开始了寻找幸福的路程。(山东济宁满分文《乘上幸福的列车》开头文章开头诗文的引用,使文章的语言古雅流畅而充满诗意,意蕴丰腴而耐人寻味。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
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