导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
真、善、美,这三个字很简单,刻化的也非常美;诚、让、礼,这三个词很常见,描述的也很全,诞、生、死,这几笔很长,代表了人的一生。前前后后共九个字,却概括了人生,一个人从生到死总会体验这几个阶段,也许记忆犹新,也许随风飞去……
“人之初,性本善”仁爱之心,其实都藏在每个人的心房,只要你用仁慈的光寻找在黑窝中的它,我想你终会找到,它会给你带来无穷的财富,你的灵魂便会变得高尚而纯洁。仁爱之星,它如同浩瀚星空中的北极星,众星围绕,是我们终生观测得到的远方只需抬头仰望星辰,它便是那最夺目的一颗;仁爱之珍,它如同无边大海中的珍珠,众人寻找,是我们永久能保存的唯一,只需打开盒子,它便是那最绚丽的宝珠;仁爱之风,它如同茫茫人海中的霓虹灯,众人观视,是我们称之美丽的图景,温暖每一个人的心扉,照亮每一个人的小径,安抚着寻不到方向的`蓝萤火。
生活中,只要你先付出仁爱,才会获得别人的仁爱,互相关爱,拿起手中的铅笔,会出奇迹般的水彩画,命名为“仁爱”。
所以,“让我们熔炼刀斧,化为锄梨,耕耘爱心,播洒雨露”。人不会永远年轻,来去匆匆,我们应当抓住时机,把“真善美,诚让礼”装进口袋,把“诞生死”随墨记下……
不过我们眼下的就是要升起心中的太阳,挥洒轻柔的雨水。未来待我们去改变,古人的事迹,现代人的文笔,在挥笔间奇迹的出现,在猛然间光芒的照射。或许人生的经历多姿多彩,但总会有失墨的时刻,困难、挫折,会在成长道路上随遇而安,需要时刻防备。只需升起那潜行在心底下的太阳,只要深化在心空上的烈日,那史册上便会溢出你的文墨,你的芳香。星空的浩瀚,天地的距离你无法去预测,只有过好当下的生活,升起属于你自己的太阳,相信明天属于我们,未来属于我们。磅礴之势,我若抵挡不了,但我愿去超越,去攀登,愿每位墨客与莫客,拿起手中的墨笔与莫比,撑起自己的天空,关上自己的艳日。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
真、善、美,这三个字很简单,刻化的也非常美;诚、让、礼,这三个词很常见,描述的也很全,诞、生、死,这几笔很长,代表了人的一生。前前后后共九个字,却概括了人生,一个人从生到死总会体验这几个阶段,也许记忆犹新,也许随风飞去……
“人之初,性本善”仁爱之心,其实都藏在每个人的心房,只要你用仁慈的光寻找在黑窝中的它,我想你终会找到,它会给你带来无穷的财富,你的灵魂便会变得高尚而纯洁。仁爱之星,它如同浩瀚星空中的北极星,众星围绕,是我们终生观测得到的远方只需抬头仰望星辰,它便是那最夺目的一颗;仁爱之珍,它如同无边大海中的珍珠,众人寻找,是我们永久能保存的唯一,只需打开盒子,它便是那最绚丽的宝珠;仁爱之风,它如同茫茫人海中的霓虹灯,众人观视,是我们称之美丽的图景,温暖每一个人的心扉,照亮每一个人的小径,安抚着寻不到方向的蓝萤火。
生活中,只要你先付出仁爱,才会获得别人的仁爱,互相关爱,拿起手中的铅笔,会出奇迹般的水彩画,命名为“仁爱”。
所以,“让我们熔炼刀斧,化为锄梨,耕耘爱心,播洒雨露”。人不会永远年轻,来去匆匆,我们应当抓住时机,把“真善美,诚让礼”装进口袋,把“诞生死”随墨记下……
不过我们眼下的就是要升起心中的太阳,挥洒轻柔的雨水。未来待我们去改变,古人的事迹,现代人的文笔,在挥笔间奇迹的出现,在猛然间光芒的照射。或许人生的经历多姿多彩,但总会有失墨的时刻,困难、挫折,会在成长道路上随遇而安,需要时刻防备。只需升起那潜行在心底下的太阳,只要深化在心空上的烈日,那史册上便会溢出你的文墨,你的芳香。星空的浩瀚,天地的距离你无法去预测,只有过好当下的生活,升起属于你自己的太阳,相信明天属于我们,未来属于我们。磅礴之势,我若抵挡不了,但我愿去超越,去攀登,愿每位墨客与莫客,拿起手中的墨笔与莫比,撑起自己的天空,关上自己的艳日。
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