但是,在长期的传统教育理念的影响下,教师偏重学生认知能力的发展和知识的传授而忽视了学生合作能力的培养。学生往往将学习看成是个体独立完成的事情,在学习中以自我为中心,缺乏合作精神。尽管目前国内各中小学争相采取合作学习的`教学模式,但多数教师只重视合作的形式,忽略了对学生互助意识和互助策略的培养,致使学生不知道如何借助他人的力量促进共识、共进。社会建构主义认为“学习是一个文化参与过程。学习者借助于一定的文化支持参与某个学习共同体的实践活动来内化有关的指示,掌握有关的工具……知识的建构常常需要合作共同体的合作互动来完成”。那么,如何才能使学生开展有效的合作学习呢?近期阅读的《高效学习策略指南》一书让我深受启发。
学生合作学习需要掌握相关的学业互助策略,在合作学习中积极尝试、运用并完善学业互助策略,努力把自己和他人变成利益共同体相互促进、共同提高,体现互助策略的价值以及合作学习的优势。学业互助是双向的过程,需要借助一定的规则、方法或技巧使助人者和受助者在积极有效的互动中都得到最大限度的提高,其目的在于共赢。
学业助人策略是学业互助策略的一方面。它是指在学习的过程中助人自助,并使自己在帮助别人的过程中得到提升的方法和技巧等,目的在于促进助人和求助双方共同进步。该策略主要包括三方面的内容:
(1)学业助人要助人自助。学业助人策略强调的是通过采取一定的方法帮助他人自助。简而言之,就是不仅要“授人以鱼”,更要“授人以渔”。在帮助同学解决疑难问题的同时教会他们解决类似问题的方法。让他们以后在遇到同类问题时能独立解题。
(2)学业助人要助人助己。学业助人策略强调的是采用一定的方法、技巧等使自己的知识、技能、态度等在帮助别人的过程中得到提高。
(3)学业助人要掌握一定的规则和技巧。从对方的角度思考,是避免善意变成伤害的一条重要原则。
教师是学生合作学习的发起人、监控者和引导者,承担着启发、调控、修正学生行为的重要职责。教师在学生学习活动的过程中往往能清楚地了解到学生的学习状况、能力、需求与策略运用水平,那么及时地教给学生正确的互助方法和技巧,适时地提出意见和建议能够帮助学生更好更快地掌握有效的互助学习策略以提高学生的学习能力和效果。帮助学生培养互助的意识、营造互助的氛围、体验互利互惠共同进步的成就感是教师的职责所在。在日常学习活动过程中,教师是学生最便捷最有效的求助对象,也是学生容易选择的模仿对象。教师要在帮助学生解决问题的过程中,起到示范引领的作用,将先思后享、助人摸底、助人所需等学业助人策略反复展示给学生看并提醒学生模仿教师的助人行为。学生在耳融目染之下,会将教师的助人方法和技巧运用到自己的学习活动中去。教师也要指导学生在运用策略的过程中多反思多调整,形成适合不同个体的多样化的有效助人策略。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
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