导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
1、吃春菜
昔日四邑有个不成节的习俗,叫做“春分吃春菜”。“春菜”是一种野苋菜,乡人称之为“春碧蒿”。逢春分那天,全村人都去采摘春菜。在田野中搜寻时,多见是嫩绿的,细细棵,约有巴掌那样长短。采回的春菜一般家里与鱼片“滚汤”,名曰“春汤”。有顺口溜道:“春汤灌脏,洗涤肝肠。阖家老少,平安健康。”,慢慢地这也成了一个习俗。一年自春,人们祈求的还是家宅安宁,身壮力健。
2、萝卜
扬州人还有春分吃萝卜或萝卜丝馅的包子、春卷的风俗。这时吃萝卜不但能上下通气,还能起到去疾病、解春困的功效。
春季养生保健的各种蔬菜中,效果最好的当属萝卜。白萝卜具有清热生津、理气、消食化痰的作用,生吃偏于清热生津,煮熟偏于行气消食,春季食用,可用来防治痰多咳嗽、咽痛、伤食腹胀、便秘等病状。现代医学认为,萝卜有很好的利尿效果,所含的纤维素也可促进排便,利于减肥。如果想利用萝卜来排毒,可以选择生食,打成汁或凉拌、腌渍均可。
民间认为“萝卜头辣、尾燥、腰正好”,专家也提醒,萝卜分段吃,营养各不同:萝卜的顶部含维生素C最多,宜爆炒和煮汤;中间段含糖量较高,可切丝凉拌;尾部辛辣,含淀粉酶和芥子油,适宜腌拌……平时家里人少时一根大萝卜一次吃不完,可以竖着剖开吃一半,这样萝卜的头、腰、尾都在菜里,营养均衡。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
常听周边的大人或是长我们一两岁的前辈们说:“你们这一代啊,不要因为以为自己还年轻,就放任自己。否则啊,将来有得你们悔咯。”
是不以为然的,类似于这种苦心婆口的话语早听得耳朵“起茧”了。将来?将来的事将来再说嘛!——是的,这是我早几个月前的想法,放纵,随意,不在乎,像是一心追求自由的风筝,挣脱了“自以为是”的主人的掌控,投入了期盼已久无边无际的天空里,却不料,没了掌控的风筝因为风向的错乱而坠入地面,飞的更高,摔得,也更惨烈。
初三的学习压力越来越紧迫,周边一个个原本微不足道的同学像是一匹脱颖而出的黑马,将我狠狠地甩下。待我某天觉醒时,才发现之前陪我疯陪我闹的死党,早就奔驰在我前面,很快的,我连他们的背影都望不见,只遗留下一股股用力奔跑而弥漫起的灰尘,吹得我一脸的狼狈。
我心里泛起一圈圈名叫惶恐的涟漪,原来我还埋首在娱乐和享受间时,身边那些人早就比我先意识到危机感,早就比我先认识到“你现在努力的每一分,都会成为你将来成功的筹码”。老一代的人的话,逐渐在我耳边响起,“要努力,别虚度光阴,否则将来有得你悔了。”好吧好吧,我现在总算后悔了,要开始努力了,那么会太迟么?将来?没错,我确实还欠自己一个不悔的将来。
努力的过程中未来和自己的存亡就像是紧攥在自己手里。我们这些热血沸腾的新一代有时会因困境而止步不前,会因挫折而踉跄却步,会因误解而举步维艰。可是呢,别忘了!我们还年轻,我们还是鲜活明丽充满生机,所以就算被困境逼得止步不前,被挫折跘的凉踉跄跄,被误解困的举步维艰,我们也能迅速振作起来,握紧拳头,仰头嘶吼:“我们在努力!我们在拼搏!”
是的,或许之前我荒废了无数美好的光阴,虚度了我的人生,但是,现在振作,现在努力,也不迟不是么?我不会让自己后悔,我不会让自己在将来泪眼婆娑地抚自己的毕业照时懊恼自己居然就这么虚度原来最该努力的年华。
如今的我要拼!我要赢!我要做笑到最后的赢家!即使不能一路笑到最后,但拼搏的途中我没有放弃,我仍然在努力向自己的目标奔去,我也问心无愧了!
所以,未来的我!不悔的将来!请张开臂膀等着迎接我把!
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