1.她叫李敏,个子高,身体好,很活泼。她各科成绩都好,喜欢体育活动,又能歌善舞。
2.她刚进校时,在英语学习上遇到不少困难。但她不怕苦,不怕难,努力把英语学好。
3.她严于律己,乐于助人,是大家学习的.好榜样。
我们的班长
Li Min is our monitor. She is tall, healthy and lively. She does well in all subjects. She is fond of sports and is good at singing and dancing.
Li Min works hard at English. When she came to the school, she had quite a lot of difficulties with the language. But she was not afraid of them and always tried hard to overcome them. She was active in class and did a lot of practice after class. No pains, no gains.With great efforts she made much progress in English study.
Li Min is modest and always ready to help others. She is very strict with herself in her work and daily life. She sets us all a fine example.
我们的班长
李敏是我们的班长。她个子高,身体好,很活泼。她各科成绩都好,喜欢体育活动,又能歌善舞。
李敏学习英语很努力。她刚进校时,在英语学习上遇到不少困难。但她不怕苦,不怕难,努力把英语学好。她在课堂上积极主动地回答问题,课后努力学习。正如谚语所言:不劳无获。付出极大努力后,她在英语方面取得了很大进步。
Li Min works hard at English(李敏在英语这一科上很努力). When she came to the school, she had quite a lot of difficulties with the language.(当她刚来学校时,她在语言学习上遇到了困难) But she was not afraid of them and always tried hard to overcome them. (但是她不害怕,总是一直努力尝试去克服它们)She was active in class and did a lot of practice after class(她在课堂中积极表现,课后做大量练习). No pains, no gains(没有努力就没有收获).With great efforts she made much progress in English study.(通过她的.努力,也在英语学习上取得了很大的进步)
Li Min is modest and always ready to help others.(李敏是一个谦虚的人,她总是准备随时帮助别人) She is very strict with herself in her work and daily life.(她在工作上和日常生活里都严于律己) She sets us all a fine example.(她为我树立了一个好榜样)
本书是继诺贝尔经济学奖获得者丹尼尔·卡尼曼《思考,快与慢》之后的又一部行为经济学重磅新作,它旨在揭示稀缺心态的各种复杂成因,并提出以“余闲”牵制稀缺的应对之法。所以,只有对“带宽”进行合理的规划和管理,我们才有可能从稀缺走向富足。
稀缺:源于经济学“稀缺资源”概念,是指“拥有少于需要的感觉”,比如事情太多时间太少。
稀缺的核心就是没有余闲,当你的房间堆成山峰遮挡视线时,你就很难再联想到更美好的事物,你的空间也会影响你的心态,改变的是心态,更重要的是改变心态以前,知道什么事以及它的过程会如何塑造你的心态。你知道余闲可以让我们轻松避免选择负担,生活节奏的调整,可以让你从稀缺的死循环中跳脱出来。
稀缺是一种心态,当他俘获我们的注意力时,就会改变我们的思维方式,影响我们的决策和行为方式。稀缺对注意力的俘获不仅会影响我们的所见和所见的速度,而且也会影响我们对周遭世界的认识。
管窥:在长期性的资源(钱、时间)稀缺中,人们只能看到“管子”之中的事物,形成了管窥之见。好处是可能为我们带来“专注红利”(短期的富裕或效率),但是从长远看,弊大于利,这种“专心致志”反而会让我们产生“权衡式思维”,不断增加我们的带宽负担。
带宽:大脑处理信息的能力,可以长远考虑,分层考虑,进行有效的思考闭环则是带宽足,这样说太抽象,打个比喻好比一条高速公路,能同时行驶的车辆是有限的,大脑同时关注的事,不超过七件;在出现交通事故后,带宽就会缩小,大脑也一样,在稀缺状态下,大脑的带宽缩小就会导致人认知能力下降。
专注红利:稀缺会自动将干扰和诱惑等因素推至一旁,我们会淋漓尽致使用有限资源。
现实:贫穷是一种精神负担。在思想中轰隆驶过的“火车”,同样在现实中实实在在地影响着我们行为和生活。就好像那些未完待续的工作,如网页动画一样消耗着电脑内存,直至电脑因内存耗尽卡住也不停息。
“稀缺”是一个心理问题不仅仅是资源问题。好在思维模式是可调的,思维模式微调一下,世界就会变番模样。
稀缺通常会产生4种效应:
1、管窥效应,就好像通过一个管子看东西,只见管子里面,不见管外,目光短浅狭隘。我们更倾向把注意力集中在最紧迫的事上,往往会忽视最重要的事;
2、稀缺会导致借用,就是我习惯性地透支未来的资源;
3、稀缺会导致没有余闲,就是没有多余的时间和空间;
4、稀缺会引发宽带不足。
避免稀缺:节约宽带, 留有余闲, 设置提醒。
节约宽带:减少日常生活中需要做决定的.琐事,不要老想着自己缺东西,把注意力放在真正值得的事情上,集中在长期可以积累的事情上。
留有余闲:再没有钱也要留一小部分出来投资,定期储蓄、投资在学习上、提高自己的技能和认知水平。
设置提醒:我常常忽视了重要而不紧急的事,设置提醒非常重要,可以把重要的事情拉回到视野中引起重视。
解决稀缺的办法:
1、将重要的事放到视野中;
2、保持合适的带宽,避免带宽负担;
3、在富裕时不浪费,时刻进行稀缺防御,居安思危;
4、建立余闲,稀缺时提供缓冲。简言之,平时不浪费,稀缺有余闲,专心致志,做重要的事。
“余闲”是和“稀缺”相对立的一个词,也是摆脱稀缺心理的唯一解决之道,只有拥有余闲,我们才能有足够的空间容忍我们犯错和周转,才不至于被生活中“最后一根稻草”压倒。至于如何拥有余闲,这就需要我们不断的积累生活的资本,提高自己的抗风险能力,为未来可能发生的意外提前做好准备,比如可以从现在起就开始学会投资和理财,给自己购买保险,通过投资实现财产的增值。
无能可以导致贫穷,贫穷也可以导致无能。穷人的稀缺心态,是导致他们无能的主要原因。研究表明,穷人的认知能力和执行控制力更弱。他们的大脑中装满了稀缺,就没那么多心思去想其他事了。穷人不仅缺钱,更缺带宽。反过来,带宽负担会致使他们的智力下降。穷人的无能,其主要原因就在于贫穷本身。只要生存于贫困之中,我们所有人都会变得无能。
万维钢老师说:
“拥有余闲就拥有主动权,就拥有了创造、冒险和改变的可能性。时间就好像是金钱:你花了它就不是你的了,可是你一直不花它也不是你的 —— 只有在你“可以花也可以不花”的那一刻,它才是你的。”
最后,投资长期价值,金钱上,每个月拿出一定的钱用于理财;或自我成长投资,定期拿出一定的时间、精力去学习参加培训。随着自我提升,我们会逐渐摆脱眼前做不完的琐事。
生活中太多不可控,莫名其妙失业,突如其来的意外,各种“稀缺”接踵而来,而你世界的本来面目是由你的认知决定的,合理规划和管理“带宽”,我们才有可能从稀缺走向富足。
艾默生说过:一个人对这个世界最大的贡献就是让自己幸福起来。希望我们都能凭借此书给予的启迪和智慧变得更加幸福。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
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