所谓叙述举例,就是通过记叙文字来列举实例,是记叙方式在说明文中的巧妙运用。所举事例,因文而易,或事实,或传说,或掌故,均无不可,从而为说明造成某种铺垫,把事物的特征说得要生动、更明白、更具体。
这种技法在说明文中的运用位置,大致有三种情况:一是用于文章开头,在说明之前先叙述举例,通过具体实例为下文说明铺垫张本,提供说明材料;二是用于文章中间,即说明中夹叙事例,以实例作为上文或下文的印证,使说明有据可依,有例可证;三是用于文章结尾,即说明之后再叙述事例,通过事例为全文作结。这三种情况,中者最多,后者最少。
叙述举例可多可少,文字可繁可简,具体运用又有两种情况:一是叙述比较详尽,事例比较具体,因而文字较多,这种情况,适用于说明那些比较生疏的事物,不详述不足以使人明白;二是叙述比较简单,事例比较概括,因而文字则较少,这种情况,适用于说明那些人们熟知的事物,点到为止,无须赘述。例如,《从甲骨文到缩微图书》的第二节,就运用了比较详尽的叙述举例法:
那是清朝光绪25年,有一位叫王懿荣的官员得了病。他懂得医道,每次抓来的药,都要亲自看过,然后煎熬。有一次,他偶然在一味叫做龙骨的药上面,发现有许多好像文字的东西,他感到惊讶,于是把这家药铺里刻有这种文字的龙骨全买下来,凭着他对中国古文字的很深的造诣,考证出这些龙骨是殷商时代遗留下来的乌龟壳和牛的肩胛骨,上面刻的文字就是那时使用的文字。
这段文字,以事情发展为顺序,以发现甲骨文为线索,有头有尾,具体细致地记叙了王懿荣发现并考证出甲骨文的过程,交代了我国书籍发展的源头,既点明了该文题目的前半部分,又为下文具体说明我国书籍的演变发展经过作了很好的铺垫。作者之所以对书籍的雏形甲骨文作这样详细的叙述,主要是因为一般读者,尤其是初中学生,对它知道得甚少的缘故。
说明文中,叙述举例的内容必须与所说明的对象有某种密切关系,如上面说到的甲骨文就与文章说明的对象书有直接关系。何处叙述举例,时机位置要适当。叙述举例的文字能简则简,就全文来说,它从属于说明,不能反客为主,冲淡了说明的主题。
七月底,我们一家开着车,向着心中向往已久的青海湖出发了。
青海湖位于青海省的东部,是我国最大的咸水湖,有高原明珠之称。经过漫长的时间,目的地越来越近了。沿着弯曲的山路,我发现路两边出现了越来越多的油菜花,远远望去,黄橙橙的一片一片,与远处的蓝天、白云、碧绿的草原形成了一幅美丽的画面。这时,开车的爸爸对我们说:“这个季节正是青海湖油菜花盛开的季节,路两边的油菜花还不算多,湖边才多呢。”我看着窗外的美景,问爸爸:“青海湖还要多久啊?”爸爸说:“就快到了,再耐心等一会。”又过了一会,爸爸突然说:“快看前边,青海湖马上就要到了。”我们透过车窗远远地看到远处一团翠绿出现在天边,车越开越近,水天一色,一眼望不到边的青海湖跃入了我的眼帘。
来到湖边,我迫不及待的跳下车,站在湖边,享受着蓝天白云,享受着湖水的清凉。再向远处看,湖边上种着比来时在路上看到的还要多的油菜花。风一吹,金色的海洋一起一伏,漂亮极了。青青的湖水轻轻地拍打着岸边,空中的鸟儿在湖面上自由的飞翔,远处上山成片的牛羊,我的眼睛被这美景俘获了,手里的照相机不停地拍着。
青海湖真是大自然赠与人类最美丽的礼物。
It was a sunny day today,when i got up in the morning,i decided to see my grandparents.so i took the bus got there at noon,they were happy to see me,and i was very happy,too.
In the afternoon,my farther asked me to help him water the plant,and i was happy to see the flowers smiling in the wind.
In a word,today is a unforgetive day.because i saw my relatives helped people.
As a student ,I don’t have any great event to talk about ,but here I want to share my experience of preparing for the high school entrance examination.
During the first three years of junior school ,we were very happy and free .But we often heard that Grade 4 would be a hell. After the final exam of Grade 3 in June, everything blew onto our faces : teachers’ changing , harder and harder texts , terrible pressure and of course the graduate exam .Where your position was on the listboard became the most important thing in our life .We had to study hard day and night ,always from 6:00 a.m. to 1:00 or 2:00 a.m. the next day.
But I must say that it’s really an unforgettable memory in my life. Under the pressure we lived our life to the fullest, and enjoyed the true interesting things that we may have never cared before. Grade 4 in junior school was a turning point in my life. My attitude to learning, my world outlook and my philosophy of life all changed. I turned to be positive and strong. I also gained many people’s true & pure friendship, both teachers ’ and classmates’. In some way, I like that kind of life, as it taught me many things I’d never learned before.
Teachers also helped me a lot. I still can’t forget that my history teacher talked to me until 10:00 p.m. on April 30th, 2003, for my application. My head teacher also encouraged me, so did my Chinese teacher. I should say, all my teachers worked very hard and always neglected their sleep and meals. Even if some of them were about 50 and often fell ill, they never left us one day .
The last and greatest challenge was of course the final exam, also my high school entrance exam. I felt very well and comfortable except my chemistry physics exams. The result proved that I couldn’t have done worse in them. But in total, my mark is O.K. So then I became a student in the best high school of Hubei Province.
We, teachers and students, got together in East Lake Hotel on June 4th, 2003. At the moment of saying goodbye, I felt that my time of junior had gone ,and my senior time was coming .
Today, I looked at my graduate photos again ,and ,I smiled .
He once hesitated ,struggled, feared and doubted, like an ordinary man would do. But he just "stays at the door of fate", as the name of his newly-written book says, and waits till the door opens instead of leaving during the half way. Then there comes a wholly new world where the beautiful dream lies .
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